mm 


•V*        ^    >f*4 


UC-NRLF 


n^B 

• 


i 


w 


LI  BRARY 

OF   THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

GIRT    OK 


Received 

Accessions  No<£jti.G/_&^_        Shelf  No.'____^. 


NORMAL  WORD  BOOK; 


OR, 


STUDIES    IN    SPELLING,    DEFINING,    WORD- 
AJNALYSIS,    AND    SYNONYMS. 

FOR  USE  IN 


HIGH    SCHOOLS,    NORMAL   SCHOOLS,    AND   THE    HIGHEST   GRADE  IN 
GRAMMAR   SCHOOLS. 


BY    JOHN    SWETT, 

PRINCIPAL  GIRLS'   HIGH  SCHOOL,   SAN  FRANCISCO. 


OP  THE 


IVISON,   BLAKEMAN,   TAYLOE  &  COMPANY, 
NEW  YORK  AND  CHICAGO. 


Copyright,  1879,  by  IVISON,  BLAKEMAN,  TAYLOR  &  OCX 


PREFACE. 


A  KNOWLEDGE  of  words  is  quite  as  essential  to  the 
•^"  writing  of  good  English  as  is  a  technical  knowledge 
of  grammar.  As  a  groundwork  for  the  study  of  composi- 
tion, rhetoric,  and  English  literature,  there  ought  to  be, 
for  students  not  pursuing  a  classical  course,  some  system- 
atized course  of  word  studies  for  the  purpose  of  giving 
accuracy  and  force  in  writing,  and  for  enabling  pupils  to 
appreciate  the  diction  of  the  masterpieces  of  style. 

The  vocabulary  of  most  pupils,  when  admitted  to  High 
Schools  or  Normal  Schools,  is  quite  limited  ;  and,  to  judge 
from  the  result  of  teachers'  written  examinations,  com- 
paratively few  of  the  graduates  of  High  or  Normal  Schools 
have  been  trained  to  discriminate  the  finer  shades  of  signi- 
fication in  the  use  of  synonymous  words,  or  even  to  give 
exact  definitions. 

This  condensed  hand-book  is  designed  to  meet  a  want 
expressed  by  many  teachers  who  feel  the  need  of  some 
definite  study  of  the  words  of  our  mother-tongue. 

The  only  originality  claimed  for  these  exercises  consists 
in  their  arrangement  and  limitation. 


JV  PREFACE. 

Some  of  the  leading  features  of  this  book  are  : 

1.  A  resume  of  the  rules  of  spelling. 

2.  The  defining  of  words  grouped  under  leading  topics. 

3.  Exercises  requiring  pupils  to  collect,  group,  classify, 
and  define  words. 

4.  Exercises  in  training  students  in  the  habit  of  referring 
to  the  dictionary. 

5.  The  practical  treatment  of  Word  Analysis. 

6.  A  practical  course  of  exercises  in  synonyms. 

7.  A  full  recognition   of  the  educational  axiom,    that 
pupils  are  educated  mainly  by  what  they  do  for  themselves 
and  ly  themselves. 

J.  S. 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  December,  1878. 


UNIVERSITY 


SPELLING  AND  PRONUNCIATION. 


RULES    FOR    SPELLING. 
I.  Doubling  the  Final  Consonant. 

RULE  I. — Monosyllables,  and  other  ivords  accented  on  the 
last  syllable,  ending  with  a  single  consonant  preceded  by  a 
single  vowel,  double  the  last  letter  on  talcing  a  suffix  begin- 
ning with  a  voivel. 


Verb. 

blot 
drum 
admit 
permit 


Positive. 

hot 
fat 


Examples. 

Pres.  Part. 

blot-t-ing 
drum-m-ing 
admit-t-ing 
permit-t-ing 

Adjectives, 

Comparative. 

hot-t-er 
fat-t-er 

2.  Blank  Book  Work. 


Past  Part. 

blot-t-ed 
drum-m-ed 
admit-  t-ed 
permit-t-ed 


Superlative. 

hot-t-est 
fat-t-est 


1.  Collect  10  verbs  of  one  syllable  to  illustrate  the  rule, 
and  write  out  the  principal  parts. 

2.  Select  10  verbs  of  two  syllables,  and  write  out  the 
principal  parts. 

3.  Select  5  adjectives  that  double  the  final  consonant  in 
comparison. 


6  NORMAL    WORD   BOOK. 

3.  Final  Consonant  not  Doubled. 

EULE  II. —  Words  not  accented  on  the  last  syllable,  and 
ivords  ending  with  a  consonant  preceded  by  a  diphthong,  a 
digraph,  or  another  consonant,  do  NOT  double  the  final  letter 
on  taking  a  suffix. 

Examples. 

cred'it  credit-ing  credit-ed 

benefit  benefit-ing  benefit-ed 

conceal'  conceal-ing  conceal-ed 

design  design-ing  design-ed 

profess  profess-ing  profess-ed 

4.  Blank  Book  Work. 

1.  Select  10  verbs  accented  on   the  first  syllable,  and 
write  out  the  principal  parts. 

2.  Select  10  verbs  ending  in  a  consonant  preceded  by  a 
diphthong,  and  accented  on  the  last  syllable  ;  as,  conceal'. 

3.  Select  10  verbs  ending  in  a  consonant  preceded  by 
another  consonant. 

5.  Exceptions  to  Rule  II. 

crys'tal  crys  tal-1-ize  crys  tal-l-i  za'tion 

can  eel  can  cel-ed  can  cpl-la'tion 

hum  bug  hum  bug-g-ed  hum  bug-g-ery 

met  al  me  tal-l-ic  met'al-1-ur  gy 

wor  ship  wor  ship-er  or  wor  ship-p-er 

kid  nap  kid  nap-er  or  kid  nap-p-er 

tran  quil  tran  quil-ize  or  tran  quil-1-ize 

6.  Two  Ways  of  Spelling. 

NOTE. — The  derivatives  of  the  following  words,  according  to  Web- 
ster, do  not  double  the  I:  in  England  the  old  usage  of  doubling  the  I 
is  retained  to  a  greater  extent  than  in  this  country. 


SPELLING   AND    PRONUNCIATION. 

Write  the  derivatives  formed  by  -ing,--ed9  and  -er. 
bar'rel  gam'bol  mod'el  shov'el 


bev  el 

grav  el 

par  eel 

shriv  el 

car  ol 

grov  el 

pen  cil 

sniv  el 

cav  il 

jew  el 

per  il 

tas  sel 

chis  el 

label 

pom  mel 

tram  mel 

coun  sel 

lev  el 

quar  rel 

tun  nel 

cud  gel 

libel 

rav  el 

trav  el 

driv  el 

mar  shal 

rev  el 

ap  par  el 

du  el 

mar  vel 

ri  val 

en  am  el 

e  qual 

7.  Dropping  Final  e. 

RULE  III. —  Words  ending  in  silent  e,  drop  it  on  taking 
a  suffix  beginning  with  a  vowel 


pies. 

be  lieve  be  liev-ing  be  liev-ed 

con  ceive  con  ceiv-ing  con  ceiv-ed 

a  chieve  a  chiev-ing  a  chiev-ed 

re  ceive  re  ceiv-ing  re  ceiv-ed 

8.  Blank  Book  Work. 

1.  Collect  and  write  out  the  principal  parts  of  20  verbs 
that  end  in  silent  e. 

2.  Add  the  suffix  -able  to  five  words  that  end  in  silent  e. 

3.  Add  the  suffix  -ible  to  five  words  that  end  in  silent  e. 

9.  Exceptions  to  Rule  III. 

"Words  ending  in  ce  or  ge  retain  final  e  before  -able  and 
on  account  of  euphony. 


8 


XOIZIIAL    WORD   BOOK. 


Exercise. 

Add  -able  or  -ous  to  the  following : 

change  ef  face' 

charge  out'rage 

peace  cour  age 

trace  mar  riage 


dye'ing 
hoe  ing 


Other  Exceptions. 

shoeing 
singe  ing 

10.  Retaining  Final  e. 


man  age 
no  tice 
ser  vice 
ad  van'tage 


swmge'mg 
mile  age 


KULE  IV. —  Words  ending  in  e  retain  it  fief  ore  a  suffix 
beginning  with  a  consonant. 


Examples. 

large  ly 
hoarse  ness 

sense  less 
whole  some 

re  morse  less 
ad  ver'tise  ment 

peace  fill 

pave  ment 

dis  burse  ment 

Exceptions. 

aw  ful 
du  ly 
tru  ly 
whol  ly 

wo  ful 
wis  dom 
ar  gu  ment 
judg  ment 

lodg  ment 
nurs  ling 
a  bridg  ment 
ac  knowl  edg  ment 

II.  Changing  //  into  /. 

KULE  V. — Final  y  after  a  consonant,  is  changed  into  i 
before  all  suffixes  except  those  beginning  with  i. 


I.    Verbs. 


carry 
deny 


carry-ing 
deny-ing 


carri-ed 
deni-ed 


carn-es 
deni-es 


SPELLING   AND 


II.   Nouns. 


army  armi-es  society 

dairy  dairi-es  anxiety 

III.  Adjectives. 

busy  busi-er  busi-est 

ready  readi-er  readi-est 

12.  Exercises. 

I.  Add  -ing,  -ed  and  -es  to  each  verb. 

cry  bury  comply 

dry  copy  defy 

fry  fancy  reply 

try  hurry  satisfy 

II.  Add  -er  and  -est,  and  a  noun  suffix 

easy  lucky  noisy 

early  lovely  saucy 

happy  lazy  silly 

heavy  muddy  shady 

III.  Form  the  plurals  by  adding  -es. 

berry  copy  duty 

buggy  city  dowry 

beauty  county  diary 

country  enemy 


societi-es 
anxieti-es 


busi-ness 
readi-ness 


certify 
falsify 
glorify 
purify 

when  possible. 

sleepy 
speedy 
worthy 
wealthy 


party 
story 
study 


13.  Blank  Book  Work. 

1.  Collect  a  list  of  10  verbs  to  illustrate  Rule  V,  and  add 
to  each  verb  the  suffixes  -ing,  -ed,  and  -es. 

2.  Collect  10  adjectives,  and  add  to  each  -er  and  -est. 

3.  Write  the  singular  and  the  plural  form  of  20  nouns 
that  change  y  into  i,  and  add  -es. 


10  NORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 

14.  No  change  of  //. 

RULE  VI. — Final  y,  preceded  by  a  vowel,  is  unchanged 
before  a  suffix. 

Verbs. 

convey  convey-ed  convey-s  convey-ance 

enjoy  enjoy-ed  enjoy-s  enjoy-ment 

Nouns. 

money  money-s  journey  journey-s 

valley  valley-s  turkey  turkey-s 

15.  Exceptions  to  Rule  VI. 

pay  +  ed  =  paid  (  staid,  or 

,  . ,  stay  -f  ed  =    \ 

lay  -f  ed  =  laid  (  stayed 

say  +  ed  =  said  day  +  ly   —      daily 

16.  Double  Consonants. 

RULE  VII. —  Words  ending  in  double  consonants  generally 
retain  both  consonants  before  a  suffix  or  after  a  prefix. 


dull'ness 
full  ness 
skill  f  ul 

Examples. 

will'ful 
enrollment 
installment 

fulfill-ing 
fulfill-ed 
fulfill-ment 

17.  Compounds, 

RULE  VIII. — In  general,  compounds  retain  all  the  letters 
of  the  words  united. 

Exceptions. 

wel'come  un  til'  al'most  al  though' 

wel'fare  num'-skull  al'so  al  read'y 

with  al'  Christ'-mas          al'ways  al  might'y 


SPELLING  AND    PRONUNCIATION. 


11 


(8.  Euphonic  k. 

KULE  IX. — A  few  participles  and  adjectives  formed  from 
verbs  and  nouns  ending  in  c,  add  k/or  euphony. 

frolic-k-ing  picnic-k-ing  (k  not  added) 

traffic-k-ing  colic-k-y  physic-ist 

physic-k-ing  panic-k-y  physic-al 

mimic-k-ing  phthisic-k-y  physic-ian 


an'nual 
ar'gue 
ben'e  fit 
com'bat 
can'cel 
crys'tal 
de  claim' 
de  fer' 
e  quip' 
frol'ic 
hark 
in  flame' 
plague 
re  fer' 
sus  tain' 
vile 


-cle. 

ar'ti  cle 
par  ti  cle 
cu  ti  cle 
ob  sta  cle 
pin  na  cle 
au  ri  cle 


19.  Troublesome  Derivatives. 

an  nu  al  ly 
ar  gu  ing 
ben  e  fit  ed 
com  bat  ing 
can  eel  ed 
crys  tal  lize 
dec  la  ma  tion 
de  fer  ring 
e  quip  ped 
frol  ick  ing 
heark  en 
in  flam  ma  ble 
plagu  ing 
re  fer  red 
sus  tain  ing 
vil'i  fy 


bi  en'nial 
ar  gu  ment 
ben  e  fi  cial  ly 
com'bat  ant 
can  eel  la  tion 
crys  tal  line 
de  clam  a  to  ry 
def  er  ence 
eq  ui  page 
frol  ic  some 
heark  en  ed 
in  flam  ma'tion 
plagu'y 
refer  ence 
sus'te  nance 
vil  i  fied 


20.  Troublesome  Terminations. 

-cal.  -kle. 

crit'i  cal  buck'le 

ver  ti  cal  knuck  le 

tech  nical  truck  le 

prac  ti  cal  speck  le 

rad  i  cal  freck  le 

cyn  i  cal  pick  le  • 


12 


NOKMAL    WORD    BOOK. 


21.  Troublesome  Terminations. 


-ine. 

-in. 

-am. 

des  tine 

mar'gin 

cer'tain 

doc  trine 

mus  lin 

cur  tain 

en  gine 

pump  kin 

moun  tain 

fam  ine 

gher  kin 

plan  tain 

ean  guine 

ur  chin 

bar  gain 

med  i  cine 

ver  min 

cap  tain 

22.  Troublesome  Terminations. 

-uni. 

-om. 

-ome. 

ros'trum 

blos'som 

ful'some 

nos  trum 

symp  torn 

lone  some 

stra  turn 

free  dom 

wel  come 

ful  crum 

wis  dom 

glad  some 

me  di  urn 

king  dom 

in  come 

min  i  mum 

at  om 

win  some 

max  i  mum 

id  i  om 

out  come 

23.  Troublesome  Terminations. 

-age. 

-ege. 

-dge. 

vil'lage 

col'lege 

por  'ridge 

til  lage 

priv  i  lege 

par  tridge 

car  riage 

sac  ri  lege 

car  tridge 

mar  riage 

al  lege' 

knowl  edge 

24.  Troublesome  Terminations. 

-ar. 

•or.                        -er. 

-re. 

dol'lar 

doc'tor            cen'ter            or 

cen  tre 

col  lar 

au  thor            lus  ter            or 

lus  tre 

eel  lar 

sail  or              sa  ber              or 

sa  bre 

ce  dar 

suit  or             som  ber          or 

som  bre 

gram  mar 

tu  tor               mea  ger          or 

mea  gre 

SPELLING   AND   PRONUNCIATION. 


13 


-ar. 

-or. 

-er. 

-re. 

mor'tar 

ma'jor 

spec'ter 

or 

spec'tre 

sug  ar 

mi  nor 

me  ter 

or 

me  tre 

beg  gar 

sen  ior 

the'a  ter 

or 

the'a  tre 

pil  lar 

jun  ior 

ac  cou'ter 

or 

ac  cou'tre 

25.  Troublesome  Terminations. 
•city.  -city.  -sity.  -sity. 

a  troc'i  ty  ra  pac'i  ty  ver  bos'i  ty  di  ver'si  ty 

fe  roc  i  ty  sa  gac  i  ty  o  bes  i  ty  im  men  si  ty 

pre  coc  i  ty  te  nac  i  ty  po  ros  ity  pro  pen  si  ty 

lo  quac  i  ty  du  plic  i  ty  per  ver  si  ty  u  ni  ver  si  ty 

ye  rac  i  ty  com  plic  i  ty  pom  pos  i  ty  ad  ver  si  ty 

ca  pac  i  ty  sim  plic  i  ty  ne  ces  si  ty  cu  ri  os  i  ty 


26.  The  Suffix  -ous. 

cap'tious        con  ten'tious 


can  tious 
fac  tious 
frac  tious 


fa  ce  tious 
fie  ti  tious 
fac  ti  tious 


ad  ven  ti'tious  fla  gi  tious 
am  bi'tious    in  fee  tious 


Words  ending  in  -tious. 

li  cen'tious        vex  a'tious 

nu  tri'tious 

pre  ten  tious 

pro  pi  tious 

sen  ten  tious 

se  di  tious 


con  sci  en'tious 
ex  pe  di  tious 
os  ten  ta  tious 
su  per  sti  tious 
sur  rep  ti  tious 


27.  Words  ending  in  -cious. 


a  tro'  cious 
au  da  cious 
aus  pi  cious 
ca  pa  cious 
ca  pri  cious 
de  U  cious 

fe  ro'  cious 
ju  di  cious 
lo  qua  cious 
ma  U  cious 
men  da  cious 
offi  cious 

per  ni'  cious 
pre  co  cious 
pug  na  cious 
ra  pa  cious 
sa  ga  cious 
sus  pi  cious 

te  na'  cious 
ve  ra  cious 
vi  va  cious 
vo  ra  cious 
con  tu  ma'  cious 
per  ti  na  cious 

28.  Words  ending  in  -eous. 

a'que  ous  cu  ta'ne  ous  far  i  na'ceous 

boun  te  ous  spon  ta  ne  ous  ar  gil  la  ceous 

cour  te  ous  ere  ta  ceous  ho  mo  ge  ne  ous 


14 


NOEMAL   WOED   BOOK. 


gas'e  ous 
hid  e  ous 
pit  e  ous 
er  ro'ne  ous 
ex  tra  ne  ous 


crus  ta'ceous 
her  ba  ceous 
out  ra  geous 
cou  ra  geous 
ad  van  ta'geous 


het  er  o  ge'ne  ous 
in  stan  ta'ne  ous 
mis  eel  la  ne  ous 
si  mul  ta  ne  ous 
ex  tern  po  ra'ne  ous 


29.  Diacritical  Marks. 

[As  used  in  Webster's  Dictionary.] 
I.   Phonic  Marks  of  Vocals. 


Macron. 

Breve. 

Circum- 
flex. 

A 

Two  dots. 

One  dot. 

Wave  or 
tilde. 

ale 

and 

air 

alms,  all 

ask,  what 

eve,  they 
Tee,  my 
old 

Snd 
in,  myth 
Sn 

th6re 
6r 

pique 
rngve 

son,  wolf 

err 
sir 

moon 

Idbk 

use 

up 

urge 

rule 

full 

II.   Equivalent  Vocals. 


a  =  6 

what,  not 

6  =  u 

done,  sun 

e  =  a 

they,  day 

0,  U  =  OO 

move,  rule,  school 

I  =  6 

th<3re,  cdre 

o,  u  =  do 

wolf,  pull,  wdbl 

i  =e 

pi'que,  weak 

y  =  i 

rhyme,  time 

6  =  a 

or,  all 

y-i 

hymn,  his 

II T.  Subvocals  and  Aspirates. 


c,  gh  =  s,  sh 

9ell,  9haise 

s  =  z 

ha§,  ro§e 

€,  eh  =  k 

came,  aehe 

th,  vocal 

the§e,  tho§e 

g,  hard 

give,  get 

n  =  ng 

ink,  think 

g  =  j 

gem,  gill 

x  =  gz 

example 

SPELLING   AND   PRONUNCIATION. 


15 


30.  Table  of  Elementary  Sounds. 

I.  Vocals. 


a 

a-le,         fii-m 

tj 

i-t,            h-y-mn 

a 

a-lms,      a-rt 

6 

6-ld,          n-6 

a 

a-11,          b-a-11 

6 

6-n,          n-6-t 

a 

a-n,          m-a-n 

Q,  00 

m_Q_ve,    m-oo-n 

A 

€-a-re,      d-ir 

u 

ii-se,         m-u-§e 

a 

a-sk,         f-a-st 

u 

u-p,          b-u-t 

e 

e-ve,         b-e 

ii 

ii-rge,       b-u-rn 

8 

e-nd,        m-e-n 

u,  db 

f-u-11,       w-db-1 

6 

h-6-r,        6-rr 

oi,  oy 

oi-1,          b-oy 

J,y 

J-ce,          b-y 

ou,  ow 

ou-t,         ow-1 

II.   Subvocals. 


b 

b-i-b,        b-a-be 

r 

r-oa-r,      r-ea-r 

d 

d-i-d,        d-ea-d 

th 

th-ese,      wi-th 

g 

g-i-g,        g-a-g 

V 

val-ue,      v-ain 

j 

j-ar,         j-et 

w 

w-ell,        w-eb 

1 

1-u-ll,       te-11 

y 

y-es,         y-et 

m 

m-ai-m,    €a-me 

z 

z-one,       z-est 

n 

n-u-n,      n-o-ne 

zh,  z 

a-z'-ure,   sei-z'-ure 

ng,  £ 

ri-ng,       i-n-k 

III.  Aspirates. 


f 

f-i-fe,       o-ff 

t 

t-en-t,       t-ar-t 

h 

h-at,         h-ome 

oh 

ch-ur-ch,  ch-ild 

k 

k-ite,       k-ill 

sh 

sh-all,       wi-sh 

P 

p-i-pe,      to-p 

th 

th-in,        th-ree 

8 

s-un,         s-ame 

wh 

wh-ere,     wh-y 

16 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


31.  Drill  Table  of  Vocals. 


a=6 


ale,  fail,  day,  they,  vein,  gauge,  break, 
are,  half,  laugh,  calf,  heart,  guard,  aunt, 
all,  awe,  aught,  broad,  naught,  6ught,  thought, 
an,  at,  add,  and,  bade,  plaid,  -eaten,  hand, 
air,  dare,  eare,  there,  square,  heir,  £re,  e'er, 
ant,  ask,  task,  grass,  -elass,  pass,  dance, 
not,  what,  b!6t,  was,  wand,  wasp,  swap. 


eve,  me,  bee,  bean,  seize,  fierce,  niece, 
end,  ell,  deaf,  fgoff,  said,  says,  yes,  get. 
err,  h6r,  garth,  we're,  verge,  myrrh,  thirst,  work, 
vein,  deign,  rein,  they,  prey,  weight,  neigh, 
there,  where,  dir,  £re,  bare,n£'er,  hair,  e'er. 


Ice,  isle,  nine,  fire,  lyre,  lie,  liar,  eye,  ayes, 
in,  pin,  been,  hymn,  myth,  sieve,  build, 
girl,  thirst,  first,  6arn,  I6arn,  bird,  third,  word, 
pique,  clique,  ob  Hque,  po  li'ce,  ma  ri'ne. 


o 

6 

P.,  o~o,  u 

6=a 


Old,  oak,  spoke,  pour,  ore,  door,  toll,  sew. 
5n,  odd,  not,  dog,  g6t,  lost,  cost,  off,  moss. 
niQve,  moon,  rule,  school,  do,  tQ,  rgute,  true. 
6r,  n6r,  horse,  warm,  c6rn,  storm,  ought, 
son,  done,  fun,  does,  doth,  blood,  flood, 
wolf,  could,  wdod,  would,  book,  cook,  put. 


u 
u 

U  =  00  =  Q 

u 

u=db=o 
oi,  oy 
ou,  ow 


u§e,  mu§e,  due,  few,  view,  feud,  tune. 

up,  cup,  but,  dust,  trust,  none,  ton. 

rule,  rude,  truth,  yp.uth,  spoon,  moon,  more. 

urge,  purge,  burn,  turn,  fur,  burr. 

put,  push,  pull,  puss,  howok,  wolf. 

oil,  boil,  toil,  boy,  joy,  coy,  toy,  roil. 

out,  our,  ounce,  bounce,  owl,  howl. 


SPELLING   AND   PRONUNCIATION. 


17 


32.  Drill  Table  of  Subvocals  and  Aspirates. 

I.   Subvocals. 


b 
d 

g 

j 

1 

m 

n 

r 

r 

v 

w 

y 

2,8 

zh 

th 

ng 

n 

x=gz 


bib,  babe,  bee,  ebb,  bribe,  robe,  bear,  but. 
dead,  died,  dread,  drowned,  mend,  dime, 
gig,  gag,  grog,  girl,  gills,  gig'gle. 
joy,  jog,  just,  jug,  gem,  gin,  age. 
lull,  loll,  tell,  bell,  wall,  soil,  boil, 
main,  same,  name,  mind,  aim. 
noun,  nine,  not,  nine,  'not,  knife,  knoll. 
(rough)  room,  rude,  rule,  round,  roll,  roar. 
(smooth)  or,  ore,  more,  store,  ear,  pear, 
valve,  vale,  vane,  vine,  live,  love,  of,  vale, 
will,  wine,  wave,  wood,  wan,  west. 
yes,  yet,  you,  young,  yoke,  yam. 
zone,  ooze,  lose,  no§e,  blaze,  craze, 
azure,  measure,  pleasure,  treasure, 
thy,  thine,  thus,  with,  blithe,  bathe, 
king,  ring,  sing,  rang,  sang  clang, 
ink,  wink,  think,  blink,  rank,  thank, 
exist,  example,  exhort,  exhaust. 


II.  Aspirates. 


f 
h 

k 

P 

s 

t 

sh 

ch 

th 


fife,  if,  fill,  beef,  buff,  off,  staff, 
how,  home,  hill,  hut,  here,  hail,  hand, 
kill,  kick,  -eake,  €ome,  «hyle,  chyme, 
pipe,  ripe,  pup,  pop,  pip,  peep, 
sauce,  9ease,  ^ite,  9ell,  sense,  9ents. 
tent,  trout,  tilt,  trot,  trust,  twit,  wit. 
shall,  shame,  rash,  dash,  chaise,  9hute. 
chime,  inch,  rich,  ditch,  church,  chop, 
thin,  teeth,  pith,  withe,  threat,  through, 
box,  fox,  ox,  fix,  mix,  six. 


18  NOBMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


33.  Words  Often  Mispronounced. 

Sound  of  Italian  a,  as  arm.     Avoid  the  common  provincialism  of 
hcUffoi  half,  l&ffoT  laugh,  etc. 


art 

bath 

flaunt 

pla'za 

are 

path 

gaunt 

lla'ma 

alms 

wrath 

haunt 

gua/va 

balm 

lath 

jaunt 

laun'dry 

ealrn 

palm 

lamb 

liiugh'ter 

*alf 

psalm 

launch 

saun'ter 

calves 

salve 

criiunch 

jaun'dice 

half 

aunt 

haunch 

fa'ther 

halves  daunt  laugh  gua'no 


34.  Words  Often  Mispronounced. 

Intermediate  a  as  in  ask.  This  is  a  medium  sound  between  Italian 
a  and  short  a.  Avoid  the  two  extremes :  (1)  That  of  Italian  a  as 
fast  for  fast,  dwmce  for  dance,  etc.  (3)  That  of  short  a,  as  ask  for 
ask,  dance  for  dance,  etc. 


ask 

t-ast 

graft 

mast 

after 

ant 

class 

grant 

mask 

bas'ket 

aft 

eraft 

glance 

pass 

eas'ket 

bask 

clasp 

gasp 

past 

fast'er 

brass 

dance 

grasp 

raft     . 

mas'ter 

blast 

daft 

hasp 

shaft 

mas'tiff 

cask 

draft 

haft 

staff 

pas'tor 

chant 

fast 

last 

slant 

plas'ter 

chance 

glass 

lance 

task 

pas'ture 

chaff 

grass 

mass 

trance 

rafter 

SPELLING   AND    PRONUNCIATION. 


19 


35.  Words  Often  Mispronounced. 

The  sound  of  long  u  is  a  compound  sound  formed  of  a  slight  sound 
of  y  joined  with  do  long.  After  d,  t,  I,  u,  and  s,  it  is  somewhat  dif- 
ficult to  introduce  the  y  sound.  Avoid  the  two  extremes  :  (1)  That 
of  overdoing  the  y  sound  so  as  to  make  du'ty  sound  like  ju'ty. 
(2)  That  of  sounding  u  like  oo  long,  as  doo'ty  for  du'ty. 


use 

eube 

due 

lieu 

suit 

pure 

fu§e 

sure 

sue 

view 

deuce 

lure 

muse 

tube 

hue 

ewe 

feud 

dupe 

mute 

tune 

flue 

new 

sluice 

dune 

lute 

plume 

dew 

new§ 

juice 

fume 

nude 

flume 

flew 

flute 

jute 

June 

bu'gle 

€u'bic 

du'ty 

du'el 

du'ly 

beau'ty 


36.  Sound 

of  Long  u. 

flu'id 

mu'sic 

hu'man 

pu'pil 

ju'ry 

pu'trid 

lu'pine 

stu'pid 

lu'nar 

stu'por 

lu'gid 

tu'lip 

hu'mid 

hu/mor 

nui'sanc 

neu'ter 

stiit'or 

tu'tor 


€on  sti  tu'tion 
el  o  eu'tion 
rev  o  lu'tion 
in  sti  tu'tion 
€on  vo  lu'tion 
€om  mu'ni  cate 


37.  Sound  of  Long  u. 

com  mu'ni  ty 
lu  gu'bri  ous 
€u'mu  la  tive 
lu'min  a  ry 
op  por  tu'ni  ty 
per  pe  tu'i  ty 


lu'na  cy 
lu'na  tic 
mu'^i  £-al 
M'u  «ate 
€alr€u  late 
6b'du  rate 


20 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


38.  Words  Often  Mispronounced. 


Sound  of  o  &i 

3  in  move,  and  the  equivalents, 

oo  as  in  moon,  and  i 

after  r,  as  in 

rule.     Rule  rhymes  with  school;  rude  with  mood 

you  with  grew. 

move 

true                  bruise 

ruth'less 

prove 

ypu                  cruise 

tru'ant 

lo§e 

who                  cru'el 

truffle 

shoe§ 

brute                gru'el 

dru'id 

dp." 

fruit                 bru'tal 

ru'mor 

tft 

crude                bru'in 

cou'pon 

too 

rude                  fruit 

bam  boo' 

two 

prude               shoot 

ca  noe' 

tour 

prune               pru'dent 

re  prove' 

wound 

truth                ru'in 

re  move' 

rgute 

yquth               ru'ral 

ba  rouche' 

shoot 

booth                tru'ly 

de  tpur' 

39.  Words  Often  Mispronounced. 

[By  misplacing  the  accent. 

] 

ab  do  'men 

edm'pro  mise 

ex  po'nent 

ar'mis  tice 

•eon'ver  sant 

^for'mid  a  ble 

ad  dress' 

eom'plai  sance 

fi  nange' 

a  dept' 

eon  trib'ute 

fr5n'tier 

a  dult' 

€on  f  is'eate 

gri  ma9e' 

ally' 

€on  do'lence 

har'ass 

fi're  a 

dgf  'i  9it 

hy'gi  ene 

tld'verse 

des'pie  a  ble 

hy  me  nfi'al 

an  ro'o  la 

d^v'as  tate 

i  dc'a 

€a  nine' 

des/ul  to  ry 

il  lus'trate 

eon  tour' 

Cx'tant 

in  quir'y 

€#n'vex 

ex  ploit' 

in  €6m'par  a  ble 

edn'striie 

ex'qui  §ite 

in  dis'pu  ta  ble 

eftm'plex 

6x'em  pla  ry 

in  eVpli  ea  ble 

SPELLING   AND   PRONUNCIATION. 


40.  Words  Often  Mispronounced. 


in'ter  est  ing 

leg'is  la  ture 

mis  con'strue 

im'pi  ous 

leg'is  la  tor 

6r'tho  e  py 

ir  rep'ar  a  ble 

ly  ge'um 

O€  €lllt' 

ir  rev'o  €a  ble 

mag  a  zi'ne' 

op  po'nent 

lam'en  ta  ble 

mu  §e'um 

per'emp  to  ry 

leg'is  la  tive 

mis'chiev  ous 

pre  text' 

41.  Words  Often  Mispronounced. 

pre  ged'ence 

re  search' 

so  no'rous 

pre  tence' 

ro  bust' 

te  leg'ra  phy 

py  ram'i  dal 

ro  mance' 

ti  rade' 

py  ri'te§ 

rp.u  tine' 

tap'es  try 

re  gess' 

reVog  nize 

suav'i  ty 

re  flex' 

re  trib'u  tive 

va'ri  e  gilt  ed 

re  course' 

strat  eg'ic 

va'ri  o  loid 

re  eluse' 

su  i  gi'dal 

ve'he  ment 

42.  Words  Often  Mispronounced. 

[By  giving  a  wrong  vowel  sound.] 

an'swer 

hov'er                 mon'ad 

pas'ture 

after 

hein'ous              met'ric 

phon'ic 

bas'ket 

hur'ry                 mas'ter 

ra'tion  al 

eur'ry 

i  tal'ies              mat'ter 

rail'le  ry 

dog'ile 

is'o  late              na'ked 

rath'er 

en'gine 

joe'und              noth'ing 

saun'ter 

ep'och 

jaun'dige            6'ral 

slan'der 

e'dict 

ju'ven  ile           on'ly 

syn'od 

fiirsome 

k^t'tle                pa'tri  ot 

syr'up 

fSt'id 

leisure               pa'tron 

tru'ly 

for'ger 

laun'dry             prdd'uct 

tru'ant 

gla'mour 

laugh'ter            pr6d'uce 

wound 

gen'u  ine 

ma'tron              prog'ess 

y&s 

her'o  ine 

mar'ry                preface 

ye"t 

NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


43.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

NOTE. — The  following  words  in  current  use  are  frequently  mis- 
spelled.    Require  both  oral  spelling  and  oral  defining. 

I. 


bil'ious 

gyp'snm              let'tuce 

stryeh'nine 

bal'ance 

gey'ser                liis'cious 

vme'yard 

frfg'id 

go'pher              mat'tress 

vis'cid 

gau'ger 

heark'en             mor'phine 

wid'ow 

gud'geon 

lae'quer             phtliis'ie 

wheth'er 

gher'kin 

liq'uor                prop'er 

zeph'yr 

II. 

be  lie  ve' 

ex  hort'              re  lieve' 

be  siege' 

be  nign' 

ex  iide'               re  ceive' 

be  lief 

«a  price' 

ex  haust'            re  prieve' 

de  ceit' 

«a  tarrh' 

im  pugn'            tra  peze' 

re  9eipt' 

eom  pri§e' 

in  veigh'            ta  boo' 

a  chieve' 

de  nrise' 

ma  Hgn'             tat  too' 

de  9eive' 

44.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

I. 

al  eo  hoi 

des'ie  «ate 

kgr'o  sene 

an'a  lyze 

den'ti  friqe 

lau'da  num 

an'thra  9ite 

ee'sta  sy 

6b'se  quie§ 

fiq'ue  duet 

far'9i  «al 

6ph'i  cleide 

€r}rs'tal  line 

glyp'er  me 

phos'pho  rus 

ehrys'a  lis 

gut'tnr  al 

phii'e  ton 

II. 

par'ri  gide 

sSp'a  rate 

va9'il  late 

par'a  site 

sae'ri  lege 

ver'di  gris 

sae'eha  rine 

sib'yl  line 

vis'9e  ra 

s^m'til  late 

traf  fick  ing 

v^n  til  late 

sym'me  try 

tyr'ran  nize 

veVi  cle 

syn'o  nym 

vae'9in  ate 

vi'ti  ate 

SPELLING    AND    PRONUNCIATION. 


45.  Words  Often  Misspelled. 

I. 

as  phal'tum 

em  bar'rass 

pro  bds'cis 

ac  quaint'ance 

in  i'tial 

ter  rif  'ie 

ba  na'na 

im  brogl'io 

tar  pau'lin 

elair  voy'ance 

mos  qui'to 

to  bat*  €O 

di  sheVel 

pa  vil'ion 

ve  rations 

e  lix'ir 

pneu  mat'ics 

zy  mot'ie 

II. 

bal'us  trade 

ben'e  fit  ed 

in  del'i  ble 

col  on  nade' 

«at  er  pil  lar 

in  n£m'ma  ble 

gtiar  an  tee 

mil'li  ne  ry 

i  sdYce  les 

mign  on  ette 

de  bat'a  ble 

re  sus'9i  tate 

mill'ion  aire 

ex  on'er  ate 

diph'the  ri  a 

su  per  sede' 

ex  hil'a  rate 

pa  ral'y  sis 

46.  Words  Often  Misspelled. 

I. 

av'er  age 

ve  169'!  ty 

bis'euit 

sp&9'i  men 

ver  b6Vi  ty 

fdr'feit 

mu^i  lage 

ne  9eVsi  ty 

ta9'it 

9yl'in  der 

sul'phur 

€ov'er  let 

u  ten'sil 

zeph'yr 

sgp'a  rate 

pro  jeVtile 

vin'e  gar 

priv'i  lege 

II. 

ar'ti  §an 

mgr'chan  dise 

•eap'i  tal  ize 

9it'i  zen 

pul'ver  ize 

i  tal'i  9i§e 

piir'ti  san 

en'ter  prise 

laud'a  ble 

n6v'i9e 

par'a  lyze 

au'di  ble 

m6r'tise 

edm'pro  mise 

pSs'si  ble 

tdr'toise 

M'ver  ti§e 

pas'sa  ble 

FORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


47.  Words  Often  Misspelled 


bal'lad 

er'mine 

for'age 

grain 

sal'ad 

ver'min 

pSr'ridge 

skein 

plumb'er 

gau'ger 

seiz'ing 

witch 

drum'mer 

wa'ger 

plea§'ing 

which 

val'id 

seiz'nre 

sneez'ing 

switch 

pal'lid 

lei'sure 

teaming 

hearse 

purse 

48.  Words 

Often  Misspelled. 

triily 

«lap'boards 

prop'er 

m6rt'gage 

eSl'lege 

wSl'^ome 

h6p'per 

hie'  cough 

ver'y 

^am'plior 

9i'pher 

busi'ness 

gran'ite 

€61'lar 

co'eoa 

•eop'y 

sehol'ar 

«61'or 

gram'mar 

pop'py 

pie'nie 

wag'on 

ham'mer 

isth'mus 

49.  Words 

Often  Misspelled. 

as  qen'sion 

a  v6r'sion 

es  sen'tial 

90  ta  ceous 

at  ten'tion 

pol  i  ti'cian 

ju  di'cial 

€on  €ur'rence 

pre  ten'sion 

«on  tri'tion 

fie  ti'tious 

eon  triv'ance 

eon  ven'tion 

dis  sen'sion 

ma  Ii9'ious 

in  de  pen  dence 

ex  ten'sion 

dis  ten'tion 

se  di'tious 

per  se  ver'ance 

op  ti'cian 

«om  plex'ion     of  f  I'cious 

sub  sist'ence 

50.  Words 

Often  Misspelled. 

€on  tgst'ant 

9yn'i  «al 

pleu'ri  sy 

gran'a  ry 

de  scdnd'ant 

ve'hi  cle 

se'ere  9y 

ean'ner  y 

ex  po'nent 

r&9'i  pe 

sym'me  try 

an'cient 

de  pend'ent 

re  9cipt' 

syn'o  nym 

tran'sient 

im'mi  grant 

re  9ede' 

€on  dign' 

€ro  quet' 

^m'i  grant 

re  9ess' 

ar  raign' 

•ero  9het' 

SPELLING   AND   PRONUNCIATION. 


51.  Words  Often  Misspelled. 

un  fit'ted 

to-day'              dis'syl  la  We 

pa  role' 

ben'e  fit  ed 

to-night'          tri'syl  la  ble 

en  roll' 

be  gm'ner 

to-mor'row      tat  too' 

eau'li  flow  er 

wag'on  er 

hol'i  day          ca  nge' 

musk'mel  on 

pos  §es'sion 

€on  9ise'          a€  crue' 

frol'ick  ing 

in  ten'tion 

de  ¥196'            «on  trol' 

pie'nick  ing 

52.  Words  Often  Misspelled. 

9Sl'lar 

pre  cede'          chie'o  ry 

eal'en  der 

mur'nmr 

pro  ceed'          9in'na  mon 

£m'a  nate 

mar'tyr 

se  9ede'            bal'us  ter 

lab'y  rinth 

man'ner 

sue  «eed'         par'al  lei 

6m'i  nous 

na'dir 

im  pede'          lil'ies 

vig'i  lance 

ma'jor 

re  trieve'         pit'ies 

vi'o  lence 

53.  Words  Often  Misspelled. 

sol'ace 

ver'i  fy 

sa  ga'cious 

mal'ice 

ter'ri  fy 

pr^v'a  lent 

lat'tice 

stu'pe  fy 

re  lue'tant 

Ifit'tuce 

•eap'tious 

in  €lem'ent 

eVsencs 

€on  scious 

€ul'pa  ble 

pittance 

vex  a'tious 

ered'i  ble 

54.  Words  Often  Misspelled. 

vi§'i  We 

9iv'il  ize 

€u'bi€  al 

tgn'a  We 

en'ter  pri§e 

man  'a  fie 

tan  gi'ble 

her'e  sy 

«om  i€  al 

tam'a  We 

f  al'la  cy 

au'ri  cle 

ag'o  nize 

«u'ti  cle 

m^t  ri  cal 

.erit'i  ci§e 

6b  sta  cle 

ven'tri  ele 

26 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


55.  Words  Often  Misspelled. 


ap'pe  tite 
•erys'tal  line 
Sm'i  nent 
im'mi  nent 
mil  li  ner 
prdp'a  gate 
pit'e  ous 
pit'i  ful 


€om  mit'tee 
€0  nun'drum 
€a  meTlia 
ex  hib'it 
as  sas'sin 
bis  sex'tile 
9m  eho  na 
di  shev'el 


em  bar'rass 
tar  pau'lin 
ex  on'er  ate 
ex  hil'a  rate 
in  flam'ma  ble 
ae  €6m'o  date 
ex  €res'9ence 
pu  sil  lan'i  mous 


56.  Abbreviated  Expressions. 

NOTE. — The  following  contracted  forms  are  allowable  in  poetry,  in 
colloquial  language,  and  in  familiar  letter-writing ;  but  they  are  to 
be  avoided,  in  general,  in  grave  or  serious  composition  or  conversation. 
Pupils  should  be  required  to  give  an  oral  or  a  written  sentence  to 
illustrate  the  use  of  each  contracted  form. 


arV*    1=  are  not 
aren  t   ) 

isn't         =  is  not 
mustn't    =  must  not 

can't        =  can  not 

shan't      —  shall  not 

couldn't  =  could  not 

shouldn't  =  should  not 

didn't      =  did  not 
don't        =  do  not 
doesn't     =  does  not 

they'll      =  they  will 
they'd      =  they  would  or  had 
'twill       =  it  will 

hadn*fc      =  had  not 

wasn't      =  was  not 

hasn't      =  has  not 

we'll        =  we  will 

ne'll         =  he  will 

won't       =  will  not 

he'd         =  he  would  or  had 

wouldn't  =  would  not 

I'll           =  I  will 
I'd           =  I  would  or  had 

you'll       =  you  will 
you'd       =  you  would  or  had 

SPELLING   AND   PRONUNCIATION. 


57.  Latin  Words  in  Current  Use. 


a  lum'ni 

cur  ric'u  lum 

dic'tum 

de  sid  er  a' turn 

fac-sim'i  le 

flo'ra 

fau'na 

in'ter  im 

lit  er  a'ti 

ra  tion  a'le 

se  ri  a'tim 

ul  ti  ma'tum 

vi'a 

vi'ce 

ver  ba'tim 


graduates  of  a  college  or  university 

a  course  of  study 

a  dogmatic  assertion 

a  thing  to  be  desired 

an  exact  copy 

the  vegetation  of  a  place 

the  animals  of  a  place 

intervening  time 

men  of  letters 

a  series  of  reasons 

in  regular  order  or  series 

a  final  proposition 

by  way  of 

in  place  of 

word  for  word 


58.  Short 

ad  libitum)  at  pleasure. 
ad  nauseam,  to  disgust. 
ad  valo'rem,  according  to 

value. 

ad  infini'tum,  to  infinity. 
ad  interim,  in  the  mean 

time. 

bo'nafi'de,  in  good  faith. 
de  novo,  anew. 
ex  officio,  by  virtue  of  office. 
in  ferro'rem,  as  a  warning. 
in  to'to,  entirely. 
in  esse,  in  actual  being. 
in  pos'se,  in  possible  being. 
post  mortem,  after  death. 
terrafirma,  solid  earth. 


Latin  Phrases. 
si'ne  di'e,  without  a  day. 
in  situ,  in  place  ;  fixed. 
ipse  dixit,  mere  assertion. 
nolens  volens,  willing  or  not. 
per  contra,  on  the  other  hand. 
pari  passu,  with  equal  pace. 
per  capita,  by  the  head. 
per  centum,  by  the  hundred. 
per  annum,  by  the  year. 
per  diem,  by  the  day. 
per  se,  by  itself. 
pro  and  con,  for  and  against 
pro  forma,  mere  form. 
pro  rata,  in  proportion. 
vi'va  vo'ce,  with  living  voice. 
vozpop'ulijvoice  of  the  people. 


28  KORMAL  WORD  BOOK. 

59.  Abbreviations  of  Latin  Words  and  Phrases. 

'  °y  *    r  (exem'pli gratia),  as  for  example. 

et  al.  (et  alii  or  alia),  and  others. 

Ibid,  or  Id.  (ibidem),  in  the  same  place. 

Id.  (idem),  the  same  [author], 

t.  e.  (id  est),  that  is  ;  as,  The  Empire  State,  i.  e.,  New  York. 

L.  S.  (locus  sigilli),  place  of  the  seal  [on  a  legal  paper], 

N.  B.  (nota  be'ne),  note  well ;  take  notice. 

nem.  con.  (nem'ine  contradicen'te),  no  one  opposing. 

Pro  Tern,  (pro  tern' pore),  for  the  time  being. 

q.  v.  (quod  vi'de),  which  see,  i.  e.,  refer  to. 

Q.  E.  D.  (quod  erat  demonstrandum),  which  was  to  be 

proved. 

ss.  (scilicet),  namely;  to  wit  [used  in  law]. 
viz.  (videl'icet),  namely  ;  as  follows. 
vs.  (versus),  against ;  as,  Case  of  Brown  vs.  Smith* 
etc.  (et  cet'era),  and  others  ;  and  so  forth. 


PA.RT    II. 

WORDS    GROUPED    AND    DEFINED. 


linguist 
philologist 

grammar 

letters 

hieroglyphics 

idiom 
vernacular 

dialect 
provincialism 

solecism 
Sanskrit 


Greek 
Latin 


rhetoric 
oration 


I.  Language. 

A  person  skilled  in  many  languages. 

One  who  has  a  scientific  knowledge  of  Ian- 


Treats  of  the  use  of  words  in  sentences. 

Characters  of  a  written  language. 

The  sacred  or  picture  writing  of  the  an- 
cient Egyptian  priests. 

A  form  of  expression  peculiar  to  a  language. 

Belonging  to  the  country  of  one's  birth; 
home-born  ;  one's  native  tongue. 

A  form  of  speech  peculiar  to  a  tribe  or  to  a 
part  of  a  country. 

A  peculiar  use  or  pronunciation  of  words  in 
some  particular  part  of  a  country. 

A  gross  blundering  in  forms  of  expression. 

The  ancient  language  of  the  Hindoos,  in 
which  are  written  the  religious  books  of 
India. 

The  classic  language  of  Greece. 

The  language  of  the  ancient  Romans. 

2.  Speech. 

The  art  of  speaking  correctly,  elegantly, 

and  forcibly. 
A  formal  speech  delivered  on  some  special 

occasion. 


30 


NORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


harangue  A  declamatory  speech  to  a  multitude. 

panegyric  A  public  speech  in  high  praise  of  some  emi- 

nent person. 

eulogiiim  A  formal  speech  in  praise  of  some  person. 

exordium  The  introductory  part  of  a  speech. 

peroration          The  concluding  part  of  a  speech. 

philippic  A  speech  abounding  in  fierce  invective. 

Romanic  Pertaining  to  the  languages  which  spring 

out  of  the  Roman,  or  Latin  tongue  ;  also 
used  as  a  general  term  to  include  the 
Latin,  Italian,  French,  Spanish,  etc. 

Anglo-Saxon  The  term  applied  to  the  English  language 
as  spoken  by  the  early  Teutonic  peoples 
of  England. 

Teutonic  A  general  term,  including  German,  Dutch, 

Danish,  Norwegian,  Icelandic,  Gothic, 
Saxon,  etc. 

The  Classics       The  ancient  Greek  and  Latin  authors. 

3.  Rhetoric. 

ambiguity  A  double  meaning  involved  in  the  construc- 
tion of  a  sentence, 

analogy  A  correspondence  in  certain  respects  be- 

tween things  otherwise  different. 

antithesis  A  contrast  of  thought  or  words. 

apostrophe  A  turning  away  from  the  subject  to  address 
the  absent  or  the  dead  as  if  present. 

circumlocution  A  manner  of  expression  in  which  more 
words  are  used  than  are  necessary ;  a 
talking  around. 

climax  A  manner  of  expression  in  which  the  parts 

of  a  sentence  are  so  arranged  as  to  rise  in 
strength  to  the  last. 

diction  Choice  of  words  ;  manner  of  expression. 


WORDS   GROUPED   AND   DEFINED. 


31 


epigram  A  witty,  pointed  saying. 

euphemism  A  soft  or  mild  term  used  to  express  in  a 
more  pleasing  way  a  harsh  or  disagree- 
able statement. 

hyperbole  An  exaggerated  form  of  expression. 

irony  A  form  of  expression  conveying  the  oppo- 

site of  the  ordinary  meaning  of  the  words. 

metaphor  An  implied  comparison  conveyed  by  trans- 

ferring to  one  object  the  qualities  of  an- 
other. 

metonymy  The  putting  of  one  term  or  word  for  an- 
other. 

parody  A  burlesque  imitation  of  a  poem  or  compo- 

sition. 

period  A  sentence  in  which  the  complete  sense  is 

suspended  till  the  end. 

personification  The  act  of  ascribing  to  anything  the  quali- 
ties of  a  person. 

pun  A  play  upon  words  similar  in  sound  but 

different  in  meaning. 

sarcasm  A  keen,  biting,  witty  form  of  expression. 

satire  The  ridiculing  of  follies  or  vices. 

simile  An  expressed  comparison. 

solecism  A  blunder  in  grammar. 

4.  Words. 

verbose  Having  more  words  than  are  necessary. 

pleonasm  Kedundancy  of  words. 

tautology  A  needless  repetition  of  the  same  words,  or 

of  the  same  ideas  in  different  words. 
synonyms  Words  having  the  same  general  meaning, 

but  differing  in  their  application. 
etymology          The  true  derivation  of  words  ;  grammatical 

inflections. 


32  NORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 

orthography       The  correct  spelling  of  words. 
orthoepy  The  correct  pronunciation  of  words. 

vocabulary         A  collection  of  words. 

5.  Government. 

politics  The  science  of  government. 

politician  A  person  actively  engaged  in  the  manage- 

ment  of  public  affairs. 

statesman  A  politician  well  versed  in  the  science  of 

government. 

demagogue  A  politician  who  panders  to  the  prejudices 
or  passions  of  the  common  people. 

monarchy  A  government  whose  head  is  an  hereditary 

sovereign. 

aristocracy         A  government  in  the  hands  of  the  nobility. 

oligarchy  A  government  in  the  hands  of  a  few  persons. 

despotism  A  government  in  which  the  power  of  the 

monarch  is  not  limited  by  a  constitution. 

republic  A  government  administered  by  representa- 

tives and  officials  elected  by  the  vote  of 
the  whole  people,  for  short  terms  of  office, 
and  under  which  the  liberties  of  the 
people  are  guaranteed  by  a  written  con- 
stitution. 

anarchy  Lack  of  government ;  political  disorder. 

rebellion  An  unsuccessful  attempt  by  force  of  arms 

to  overthrow  the  government. 

insurrection  A  sudden  rising  in  arms  against  the  gov- 
ernment by  a  part  of  the  people. 

citizen  A  person  in  whom  are  vested  certain  politi- 

cal rights  and  privileges ;  as,  An  Ameri- 
can citizen. 

subject  A  person  under  the  protection  of  a  mon- 

archy ;  as,  A  British  subject. 


WORDS   GROUPED   AND   DEFINED. 


33 


6.  Elections. 

elector  A  legally  qualified  voter. 

naturalization    The  legal  process  by  which  an  alien,  or 

foreigner,  becomes  a  citizen. 
The  act  of  voting  or  balloting  for  public 

officers. 

The  right  of  voting ;  right  of  franchise. 

A  list  of  the  legal  voters  of  an  election 
precinct. 

A  political  campaign. 

A  person  offering  himself  for  election  to 
an  office. 

A  person  named  by  some  political  conven- 
tion as  a  candidate  for  office. 

A  preliminary  meeting  of  political  leaders 
for  the  purpose  of  considering  political 
questions. 

A  political  meeting  of  elected  party  dele- 
gates for  the  purpose  of  nominating  can- 
didates. 


election 

elective 
franchise 
poll-list 

canvass 
candidate 

nominee 
caucus 


convention 


7.  Words  Relating  to  Courts  and  Law. 

court  A  tribunal  for  the  administration  of  justice ; 

"  the  court "  is  also  a  term  applied  to  the 

judge  in  contradistinction  to  the  counsel 

or  the  jury, 
judge  A  civil  officer  who  administers  justice  in 

law  courts, 
bench  The  seat  where  a  judge  sits  ;  hence,  "  the 

bench  "  is  a  term  used  to  denote  all  judges 

taken  as  a  body. 


34 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


bar  The  place  which  counsel  occupy  in  court ; 

hence,  "  the  bar  "  is  a  term  used  to  denote 
the  whole  legal  profession,  or  body  of 
licensed  attorneys-at-law. 

lawyer  A  person  licensed  to  practice  law. 

plea  The  defendant's  answer  to  the  plaintiff's 

declaration  and  complaint. 

plaintiff  The  party  that  brings  an  action  or  suit  in 

court. 

defendant  The  party  against  whom  the  action  is 

brought. 

client  The  party  that  employs  an  attorney-at-law. 

brief  A  condensed  statement  of  a  case  in  court. 

bail  Surety  given  for  a  liberated  prisoner's  re- 

appearance in  court. 

arraign  To  bring  a  prisoner  before  a  court  for  trial. 

sentence  The  pronouncing  of  a  penalty  by  the  judge 

against  a  convicted  criminal. 

judicial  Belonging  to  courts  of  law,  or  to  a  judge. 

the  judiciary      The  judges  as  a  body. 

8.  Crimes  in  Law. 

misdemeanor  A  minor  offence  to  which  the  law  has  not 
given  a  specific  name. 

crime  A  specific  offence  against  the  law. 

indictment  A  written  charge  of  crime  made  out  by  a 
grand  jury. 

murder  The  intentional  killing  of  a  human  being 

with  malice  aforethought. 

manslaughter  The  killing  of  a  person  in  the  heat  of  pas- 
sion without  premeditation. 

homicide  The  killing  of  a  human  being  by  act  of  man. 

libel  Defamation  of  the  character  of  another  by 

writing,  pictures,  etc. 


WORDS   GROUPED   AND   DEFINED. 


35 


felony  A  crime  of  high  grade  punishable  by  death 

or  imprisonment  in  the  state  prison, 
petit      )  The   stealing  of  property  of  small  value, 

larceny    j  constituting  a  minor  offence. 

grand     (  The  stealing  of  property  above  a  specified 

larceny    )  value,  making  a  state-prison  offence, 

arson  The  crime    of    wilfully  setting   fire  to  a 

building, 
burglary  The  crime  of  breaking  into  a  house  for  the 

purpose  of  robbery. 
perjury  The  crime  of  purposely  giving  false  testk 

mony  in  court, 
forgery  Fraudulently  making,  altering,  or  imitating 

a  writing  or  the  signature  of  another  for 

the  purpose  of  gain. 
peculation          The  act  of  any  official  in  appropriating 

public  moneys  to  his  own  personal  use. 
embezzlement     The  act  of  taking  for  one's  own  use  money 

or  goods  placed  in  his  care, 
bigamy  The  crime  of  having  two  or  more  wives  or 

husbands  at  the  same  time. 
mayhem  The  maiming  of  a  person  by  depriving  him 

of  any  of  his  members,  such  as  the  nose, 

ears,  etc. 
treason  The  crime  of  attempting  to  overthrow  the 

government,   or  of  aiding  an  enemy  in 

time  of  war. 
mutiny  Eebellion    by  soldiers  or   seamen  against 

their  officers. 

9.  Words  Relating  to  Religion. 

religion  Any  system  of  faith  and  worship. 

mythology         The  science  which  treats  of  the  fabulous 
divinities  of  the  ancient  nations. 


NORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


paganism 

theism 
deism 

atheism 

pantheism 

monotheism 

polytheism 

renegade 

martyr 

fanatic 
dogma 

orthodox 

heterodox 

Bible 

Koran 
Vedas 
Christianity 

mohamme  danism 

brahmanism 

buddhism 

materialism 

creed 

heretic 


The  superstitious  religious  belief  and  wor- 
ship of  uncivilized  tribes  and  nations. 
Belief  in  the  existence  of  a  God. 
Belief  in  the  existence  of  God,  but  not  in 

revelation. 

A  disbelief  in  the  existence  of  God. 
A  belief  that  the  universe  is  God. 
A  belief  in  only  one  God. 
A  belief  in  the  existence  of  many  Gods. 
One  who  basely  abandons  his  religion. 
One  who    suffers  death  on  account  of 

religion. 
One  who   has   a  wild   and   unreasoning 

faith  and  zeal  in  his  religion. 
An  authoritative  statement  of  some  part 

of  a  religious  creed. 
Sound  in  the  creed  of  the  church. 
Dissenting  from  the  church  creed. 
The  holy  books  consisting  of  the  Old  and 

the  New  Testament. 
The  sacred  book  of  the  Mohammedans. 
The  sacred  writings  of  Brahmanism. 
The  form  of  faith  and  worship  based  upon 

the  Bible. 
The  religion  based  upon  the  teachings  of 

Mohammed  and  the  Koran. 
A  religion  founded  on  the  sacred  books 

called  the  Vedas. 
A  branch  of  Brahmanism,  founded  by 

Buddha. 

A  disbelief  in  the  existence  of  spirit. 
Articles  of  faith  of  a  church  or  society. 
One  who  disbelieves  the  religion  of  the 


WOKDS   GROUPED   AKD   DEFINED. 


37 


10.  Literature. 

poetry  Imaginative  composition  expressed  in  meas- 

ured cadence  or  in  rhyme. 

rhetoric  The  art  of  prose  composition.  (See  page  29.) 

oratory  The  art  of  eloquent  and  elegant  public 

speaking. 

history  A  record  of  past  events  (with  the  philoso- 

phy of  cause  and  effect  in  the  progress  of 
events). 

novelist  A  writer  of  fictitious  literature. 

litterateur         A  person  devoted  to  literary  pursuits. 

literature  The  whole  body  of  literary  productions, 

usually  excluding,  however,  those  relat- 
ing to  positive  science. 

II.  Science. 

science  Classified  and  systematized  knowledge. 

mathematics  That  class  of  sciences  which  treats  of  num- 
bers and  magnitudes  and  their  relations. 

arithmetic  That  branch  of  mathematics  which  treats 
of  numbers. 

algebra  That  branch  of  mathematics  which  treats 

of  the  relations  of  numbers  or  quantities 
by  means  of  letters  and  other  symbols. 

geometry  That  branch  of  mathematics  which  treats 

of  solids,  surfaces,  lines,  and  angles. 

physics  The  science  that  treats  of  the  material  world. 

botany  The  science  that  treats  of  plants. 

zoology  The  science  that  treats  of  animals. 

chemistry  The  science  that  treats  of  the  composition 

of  substances,  both  organic  and  inorganic. 

ornithology        The  science  that  treats  of  birds. 

ichthyology       The  science  that  treats  of  fishes. 


38  NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 

biology  The   science  that  treats   of  the  different 

forces  of  life. 
sociology  The  science  that  treats  of  the  laws  and  the 

development  of  human  society. 
metaphysics       The  scientific  knowledge  of  the  laws  and 

actions  of  mind. 

Oral  Exercise. 

Require  pupils  to  name  and  define  any  other  branches  of 
science  that  they  uan  think  of. 

12.  Art. 

artist  A  general  term  applied  to  a  painter,  sculp- 

tor, engraver,  etc. 

studio  The  working-room  of  an  artist. 

cartoon  A  design  of  a  large  painting  drawn  on 

paper. 

caricature  A  drawing  that  represents  with  ridiculous 
exaggeration. 

fresco  A  method  of  painting  on  a  freshly  laid 

stucco  ground  of  lime  and  gypsum. 

photograph  A  picture  produced  by  the  action  of  light 
on  chemically  prepared  paper. 

statuette  A  small  statue. 

intaglio  Any  figure  cut  into  a  material ;  as,  a  seal. 

cameo  A  precious  stone  carved  in  relief. 

.     Require  pupils  to  add  and  define  10  additional  words 
relating  to  art. 

13.  Medicine. 

physician  A  person  who  practices  the  art  of  healing ; 

a  doctor, 
druggist  One  who  deals  in  drugs  or  medicines ;  an 

apothecary. 


WORDS   GROUPED   AND   DEFINED. 


39 


pharmacy  The  art  of  preparing  medicines. 

therapeutics  The  art  of  discovering  and  applying  me- 
dicinal remedies. 

nostrum  A  quack  medicine. 

panacea  A  remedy  for  all  diseases. 

regimen  A  course  of  living  for  the  attainment  of 

health. 

anodyne  A  medicine  for  alleviating  pain. 

14.  Diseases. 

asthma  A  disease  causing  difficulty  in  breathing. 

pneumonia         An  inflammation  of  the  lungs. 

diphtheria         A  disease  chiefly  affecting  the  throat. 

phthisic  A  wasting  away  of  the  lungs. 

influenza  A  prevailing  cold,  or  catarrh. 

bronchitis  An  inflammation  of  the  bronchia,  or  tubes 
connected  with  the  windpipe. 

neuralgia  A  disease  of  a  nerve  and  its  branches. 

paralysis  A  disease  of  the  nerves,  causing  loss  of 

voluntary  motion. 

meningitis  Inflammation  of  the  membrane  of  the  brain 
or  the  spinal  cord. 

hydrophobia      A  disease  caused  by  the  bite  of  a  mad  dog. 

delirium   )          A  kind  of  madness  brought  on  by  long-con- 

tremens  j  tinued  and  excessive  use  of  spirituous 

liquors. 

epidemic  A  prevailing  disease  arising  from  a  wide- 

spread cause. 


15.  Business  Transactions — Money. 

money  A  circulating  medium  for  the  doing   ol 

business, 
specie  Gold  or  silver  coin. 


40 


NORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


coin  Gold,  silver,  or  other  stamped  metal  cur- 

rent as  money. 

currency  The  money  of  a  country ;  as,  "  paper  "  cur- 

rency, "  hard  "  or  coin  currency. 

bullion  Gold  or  silver  in  bars  or  in  the  mass. 

"  greenbacks "  The  popular  name  given  to  United  States 
legal-tender  notes. 

mint  A  place  where  specie  currency  is  coined. 

bank-bills  The  paper  currency  issued  by  banks. 

inflation  An  excessive  issue  of  paper  currency,  not 

redeemable  in  gold  or  silver  coin. 

paper  money  Promises  by  a  government  or  a  bank  to  pay 
in  gold  and  silver  the  sum  specified  on 
the  face  of  the  note  or  bill. 

resumption  "Resuming  specie  payments"  means  re- 
deeming paper  money  with  coin. 

capitalist  One  who  possesses  a  large  amount  of  money 

or  stocks. 

usurer  One  who  loans  money  at  an  exorbitant  ratu 

of  interest. 

pawnbroker  One  who  loans  money  in  small  sums  on  per  > 
sonal  property  pledged  in  payment. 


16.  Business  Terms. 

bank  An  establishment  for  the  custody,  loaning, 

exchange,  or  issue  of  money, 
draft  Or  Bill  of  Exchange — A  written  order  fo* 

money,  drawn  in  one  place  and  payablt 

in  another. 

drawer  The  maker  of  the  draft, 

drawee  The  party  on  whom  the  draft  is  drawn, 

bank-check         A  written  order  to  the  bank  for  the  pay 

ment  of  a  specified  sum  of  money. 


WORDS   GROUPED   AND   DEFINED. 


41 


''bulls  and 
bears" 


interest 
discount 


bonds 


note  A  written  promise  to  pay  a  certain  sum  of 

money. 

stock-broker       A  broker  who  deals  in  stocks. 
brokerage  The  commission  paid  a  broker  for  buying 

or  selling  stocks  for  others. 
"Bulls"  are  brokers  that  try  to  make  a 
rise  in  the  value  of  stocks,  and  "  bears  " 
are  those  who  operate  for  a  fall. 
The  sum  paid  for  the  use  of  money. 
Or  "per  cent  off/'  is  a  sum  deducted  from 
a  bill  or  debt  paid  cash  down  before  it 
becomes  due. 

Written  obligations  by  corporations  or  by 
governments  to  pay  specified  sums  of 
money  at  a  certain  time,  with  a  certain 
rate  of  interest. 

17.  Real  Estate. 

real  estate  Property  in  lands  and  buildings,  as  distin- 
guished from  personal  or  movable  prop- 
erty. 

title  The  legal  right  by  which  real  estate  is 

held. 

deed  A  written  document,  signed,  witnessed,  or 

attested  before  a  notary  public,  making  a 
legal  conveyance  of  the  title  to  real  estate. 

mortgage  A  conveyance  of  real  estate  as  security  for 

the  payment  of,  a  promissory  note,  to  be- 
come null  and  void  on  payment  of  the 
note. 

lien  A  legal  right  to  hold  property  until  a  claim 

upon  it  has  been  paid. 

Require  pupils  to  collect   and  define  additional  words 
relating  to  real  estate. 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


18.  Agriculture. 

farming  The  cultivation  of  a  farm  ;  agriculture, 

horticulture        The  cultivation  of  a  garden, 
floriculture         The  cultivation  of  flowers. 
arboriculture      The  cultivation  of  trees  or  shrubs, 
sericulture          The  cultivation  of  the  silk-worm, 
arboretum          A  place  in  which  different  kinds  of  trees 

are  cultivated. 
conservatory      A  greenhouse  for  the  cultivation  of  exotic 

or  tender  plants, 
hot-house  A  glass-covered  house  kept  warm  for  the 

cultivation  of  exotics. 
arable  Capable  of  cultivation  ;  tillable. 

Require  pupils  to  collect  and  define  additional  words  under 
this  head. 

19.  Mechanic  Arts. 

architecture        The  art  of  planning  and  erecting  buildings. 

vestibule  The  porch  or  entrance  into  a  building. 

buttress  A  support  or  abutment  of  a  building. 

corridor  A  gallery  around  a  building. 

rotunda  A  building  that  is  round,  both  on  the  in- 

side and  outside. 

amphitheatre  An  oval  or  circular  building,  having  seats 
rising  one  above  another  all  around  the 
walls  on  the  interior. 

renaissance  A  style  of  decorative  art  freer  than  the 
antique,  but  resulting  from  the  antique. 

20.  Exercise  in  Defining. 

Define  in  your  own  words,  or  by  referring  to  the  diction- 
ary,  the  following  groups  of  words : 


WORDS   GROUPED    AND    DEFINED. 


43 


I.  Poetry. 


doggerel 
blank  verse 
prosody 

epic 
lyric 
sonnet 

stanza 
canto 
couplet 

rhyme 
poet 
rhymester 

II.  Sculpture 

and  fainting. 

picture 
drawing 
portrait 

statue 
intaglio 
model 

bust 
cast 
image 

statuette 
cameo 
medallion 

in. 

Music. 

overture 
symphony 
serenade 

oratorio 
dirge 
requiem 

organist 
pianist 
vocalist 

flageolet 
trombone 
ophicleide 

21.  Exercise  in  Defining. 

I.  Debts. 

debtor  liquidation  assets  suit 

creditor  insolvency  surety  -  dun 

solvent  bankrupt  attachment        receipt 

II.    Partnersltip. 

capital  assessment  insurance  premium 

stock  dividend  policy  company 


22.  Exercise  in  Grouping  Words. 

Teachers  will  require  pupils  to  make  out  lists  of  the 
technical  words  used  in  the  various  industrial  pursuits, 
suck  a* : 


1.  Agriculture. 

2.  Mining. 

3.  Commerce. 


4.  Lumbering. 

5.  Stock-raising. 

6.  Dairying. 


7.  Dressmaking. 

8.  Shoemaking. 

9.  Printing,  etc. 


44 


WORD   BOOK. 


23.  Words  Relating  to  War. 

campaign  The  time  that  an  army  keeps  the  field 

either  in  action,  marches,  or  in  camp. 

bivouac  The  watch  of  a  whole  army  in  case  of 

danger. 

reconnaissance  An  examination  of  the  position  of  an  op- 
posing army,  for  military  operations. 

armistice  A  temporary  cessation  of  hostilities  in  time 

of  war. 

cartel  An  agreement  for  the  exchange  of  prisoners 

of  war. 

conscription  An  act  of  the  government  drafting  citizens 
into  the  army. 


militia 

regulars 

volunteers 


24.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

1.   Arms. 


ammunition  battery 

powder  mortar 

cartridge  musket 

ordnance  rifle 


carbine  shell 

breech-loader  bullet 

revolver  saber 

projectile  knapsack 


II.   Army. 

division          company 
brigade  infantry 

regiment         cavalry 


III.   Soldier. 


artillery 

sharp-shooters 

barracks 


dragoon 

ensign 

general 

conscript 

grenadier 

lieutenant 

marshal 

deserter 

zouave 

captain 

veteran 

picket 

artillery-man 

major 

volunteer 

scout 

Require  pupils  to  collect 
arms,  army,  or  soldier. 


additional  words  relating  to 


WORDS   GEOUPED   AND   DEFINED. 


25.  Commercial  Terms. 


Commerce 

merchant 

house 

warehouse 

trade 

tradesman 

firm 

depot 

traffic 

salesman 

company 

office 

barter 

clerk 

concern 

imports 

bargain 

grocer 

merchandise 

exports 

jobbing 

broker 

goods 

dry-goods 

speculation 

peddler 

wares 

hardware 

auction 

store-keeper 

commodities 

breadstuffs 

26.  Education. 

instruction 

lesson 

school-mistress 

school 

learning 

lecture 

pedagogue 

college 

knowledge 

teacher 

professor 

university 

teaching 

instructor 

educationist 

academy 

training 

tutor 

educator 

seminary 

schooling 

preceptor 

scholar 

institute 

drilling 

school  -master 

pupil 

kindergarten 

27.  Generic  Term,  Change. 

mutable  Subject  to  change  ;  changeable. 

convertible         Capable  of  being  changed. 

vicissitude          Regular  change  or    succession    from   one 

thing  to  another. 

reversal  Change  to  the  opposite, 

reversion  The  act  of  changing  back, 

transmutation    A  change  of  one  substance  into  another, 
transposition      A  change  of  position. 
migration          A  change  of  dwelling-place. 
innovation         A  change  made  by  introducing  something 

new. 
amendment        A  change  for  the  better  in  manners  or 

morals. 
reciprocity         An  equal  interchange  of  rights  or  privileges. 


46 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


commutation 

in  statu  quo 
metempsychos 


vacillation 

erratic 
stable 
fickle 
oscillation 


A  change  of  punishment ;    a  change  in 

rates  of  fare  ;  as,  a  commutation  ticket. 
Without  change. 
The  doctrine  of  the  passing  of  the  soul  of 

man  after  death  into  the  body  of  some 

animal 
The  act  of  changing  mentally  from  one 

side  to  another  ;  wavering. 
Changing  irregularly ;  wandering. 
Not  subject  to  change. 
Changeful ;  unstable  ;  inconstant. 
Act  of  moving  back  and  forth. 


28.  Writing  and  Printing, 

chirography  Handwriting. 

calligraphy  Fine  writing. 

transcript  A  written  copy. 

autograph  One's  own  handwriting. 

hieroglyphics  The  sacred  writing  of  the  priesthood   of 

Egypt. 

telegram  A  written  telegraphic  despatch. 

orthography  The  correct  writing  of  a  word, 

manuscript  Written  by  hand, 

amanuensis  One  who  writes  what  another  dictates, 

endorse  To  write  on  the  back, 

escritoire  A  writing-desk  with  drawers, 

typography  The  art  of  printing, 

bibliography  Knowledge  of  the  history  of  books. 

Require  pupils  to   collect   and  define  additional  word* 
relating  to  writing  and  printing. 

29.  Generic  Term,  Name. 

nominal  Existing  only  in  name, 

noun  The  name  of  anything. 


WORDS   GROUPED    AND   DEFINED. 


4? 


surname 

pseudonym 

nom  deplume 

anonymous 

cognomen 

misnomer 

nickname 

nameless 

nomenclature 

homonyms 


chronology 
anachronism 

antediluvian 
prehistoric 

epoch 
era 

eternal 

millennium 

contemporaneous 

procrastination 

hebdomadal 

quotidian 

ephemeral 


The  family  name. 
A  fictitious  name. 
The  assumed  name  of  a  writer. 
Without  a  name,  or  name  unknown. 
Family  name ;  surname. 
A  misapplied  name. 
A  familiar  or  an  opprobrious  name. 
Without  a  name. 
A  list  of  names. 

Words  pronounced  alike,  but  spelled  dif- 
ferently. 

30.  Generic  Term,  Time. 

The  science  of  computing  the  dates  of 
past  events. 

An  error  in  computing  time  by  which 
events  are  misplaced  in  order  of  occur- 
rence. 

Existing  before  the  deluge. 

Existing  before  the  time  of  written  his- 
tory. 

A  point  of  time  marked  by  some  great 
event. 

A  series  of  years  reckoned  from  some 
fixed  point  of  time. 

Existing  without  beginning  or  without 
end. 

A  period  of  a  thousand  years. 

Existing  at  the  same  time. 

The  act  of  putting  off  until  to-morrow 
or  some  future  time. 

Occurring  every  seven  days. 

Occurring  every  day. 

Existing  only  for  a  day. 


48 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


longevity  Long  life  ;  old  age. 

transient  Of  short  duration. 

chronic  Lasting  a  long  time. 

evanescent  Fleeting ;  passing  away  ;  momentary. 

perpetual  Lasting  forever. 

perennial  Lasting  through  the  year  ;  perpetual. 

chronometer  A  clock  or  watch  which  keeps  exact  time, 

almanac  A  yearly  calendar. 

coeval  Of  the  same  age. 

pristine  Former  ;  belonging  to  the  earliest  time. 

quondam  Former. 

superannuated      Impaired  by  old  age  ;  worn  out. 

matutinal  Pertaining  to  the  morning. 


31.  Spelling  and  Defining.    Sea  Terms. 


cable 

top-sail 

larboard 

binnacle 

anchor 

shrouds 

leeward 

compass 

grapnel 

spars 

windward 

fathom 

hawser 

yards 

helm 

knot 

main-mast 

canvas 

wheel 

cargo 

mizzen-mast 

oakum 

rudder 

cabin 

fore-mast 

rigging 

ballast 

keel 

jury-mast 

starboard 

salvage 

deck 

square-rigged 

log-book 

bulwarks 

carriage 
wagon 
coach 
chaise 


canvas 
can'vass 


phaeton 


omnibus 
car 


32.  Vehicle. 

sleigh 
sled 
truck 
dray 


cart 

wheel-barrow 
ambulance 
stage-coach 


33.  Words  Sometimes  Confounded. 

Sails  ;  cloth  ;  as,  the  ship  spread  all  her  canvas. 

A  political  campaign  ;  to  examine  ;  as,  the  Presi- 

dential Canvass  ;  Canvass  the  matter  well. 


WORDS   GROUPED    AND   DEFINED. 


cur'rants 
cur' rents 
com'pliment 
com'plement 

con'fident 
con'fidant 

told       ) 
tolled     ) 
desert' 
dessert' 
indite' 

indict' 

man'tel 
man'tk 
stationary 

nta'tionery 

prin'cipal 
prin'ciple 


Fruit ;  as,  Currants  are  red  and  sour. 

Streams ;  as,  Ocean-currents. 

Praise  ;  as,  The  compliment  was  merited. 

Full  number ;  as,  The  ship  has  her  comple- 
ment of  men. 

Sure  ;  as,  I  was  confident  of  success. 

Trusted  friend ;  as,  He  was  my  only  con- 
fidant at  school. 

"  They  went  and  told  the  sexton,  and  the 
sexton  totted  the  bell." — Hood. 

Forsake  ;  as,  Never  desert  your  friends. 

Our  dessert  consisted  of  delicious  fruit. 

Compose ;  as,  Indite  a  sonnet  to  my  lady's 
eyebrow. 

To  charge ;  as,  Indict  the  criminal  for 
murder. 

The  mantel  of  Italian  marble. 

The  king's  mantle  was  of  costly  furs. 

Fixed  ;  as,  The  cars  were  stationary  for  an 
hour. 

Stationers  deal  in  stationery ;  i.  e.,  writing 
materials,  etc. 

Chief ;  as,  His  principal  ob'ject  was  money. 

Eule  of  action  ;  as,  A  principle  of  morality. 


34.  Class  Exercise. 

Distinguish  the  following  pairs  of  words,  making  a  free 
use  of  the  dictionary. 

cel'lar 
sel  ler 
can  non 
can  on 
cou  ri  er 
cur  ri  er 


au'ri  cle 

a  loud' 

cru'el 

or  a  cle 

al  lowed 

crew  el 

ac  ci  dents 

borne 

ca  ret 

ac  ci  dence 

bourne 

car  at 

al  tar 

cap'i  tal 

ce  re  al 

al  ter 

cap  i  tol 

se  ri  al 

50 


NORMAL    VVOED   BOOK. 


cel'e  ry 

fellow 

or'di  nance 

serf 

sal  a  ry 

fel  loe 

ord  nance 

surf 

colonel 

flow  er 

pal  ate 

skull 

leer  nel 

flour 

pal  let 

scull 

dying 

isle 

rad  ish 

sweet 

dye  ing 

aisle 

red  dish 

suite 

eu  lo  gy 

in  ge'nious 

root 

wheth  er 

el  e  gy 

in  gen  u  ous 

route 

weath  er 

ex  tent' 

lev'y 

stat  ure 

wry 

ex'tant 

lev  ee 

stat  ue 

rye 

ge  nus 

min  er 

stake 

write 

ge  ni  us 

mi  nor 

steak 

right 

35.  Words  Distinguished  by  Accent. 

In  the  nouns  or  adjective*  the  accent  is  on  the  first  syllable  ;  in  the 
verbs,  on  the  last  syllable. 

ac'cent  Accent'    the    second    word    by  placing    the 

ac'cent  on  the  last  syllable. 
He  was  ab'sent  without  cause,  but  promised 

not  to  absent'  himself  again. 
We    must    concert'  measures   for  acting  in 

con'cert. 
If  you  will  contract'  to  do  the  work,  I  will 

sign  the  con'tract  at  once. 
The  music  will  entrance'  you  on  your  en 'trance 

into  the  hall. 
In'cense  is  perfume  exhaled  by  fire  ;  hence,  to 

incense'  means  to  inflame  or  fire  the  feelings. 
The  agent  will  not  permit'  you  to  enter  the 

mills  without  a  written  per'mit. 
The  farmers  send  all  the  prod'uce  which  the^ 

produce'  to  the  New  York  market. 
To  project'  means  to  throw  forward ;  hence, 

a  prSj'ect  is  something  planned,  or  thrown 

forward  bv  the  mind. 


ac  cent9 
ab'sent 
ab  sent' 
con'cert 
con  cert' 
con/tract 
son  tract' 
en'trance 
en  trance' 
;n'cense 
in  cense' 
per'mit 
per  mit' 
pr6d'uce 
pro  duce' 
proj'ect 
project' 


WORDS   GROUPED   AND   DEFINED.  51 

36.  Class  Exercise. 

Explain  the  difference,  and  illustrate  by  using  in  sen- 
tences. 


abstract 

con'vict 

fre'quent 

refuse 

ab  stract' 

con  vict' 

fre  quent' 

re  fuse' 

con'duct 

des'ert 

im'port 

sub'ject 

con  duct' 

de  serf 

im  port' 

sub  ject' 

con  'sort 

es'cort 

im'press 

trans'port 

con  sort' 

es  cort' 

im  press' 

trans  port' 

37.  Miscellaneous  Words.    Spelling  and  Defining. 

aph'o  rism  A  short,  pithy  saying. 

ap'o  thegm  A  terse,  pointed  saying. 

au'top  sy  Medical  examination  of  a  corpse. 

a  nach'ro  nism  A  misplacing  of  events  in  order  of  time. 

am  a  teur'  One  who  studies  art,  but  not  as  a  pro- 
fession. 

aus'pi  ces  Patronage  ;  protection. 

an'ti  dote  A  remedy  for  poison. 

an  i  mad  ver'sion  Severe  censure  or  criticism. 

a  poc'ry  phal  Of  doubtful  authority  or  authenticity. 

al  lu'vi  al  Relating  to  deposits  made  by  water. 

ad  ven  ti'tious  Accidental ;  foreign  ;  casual. 

ad  o  les'cence  Age  between  boyhood  and  .manhood. 

au  rif'er  ous  Bearing  or  yielding  gold. 

ar  gen  tif'er  ous  Bearing  or  yielding  silver. 

a  gra'ri  an  ism  The  doctrine  of  the  equal  division  of 
lands  or  fields  ;  communism. 

ab  o  rig'i  nes  The  primitive  inhabitants  of  a  country. 

au  tom'a  ton  A  self-moving  machine. 

an  i  mal'cule  A  little  animal  invisible  to  the  naked 
eye  ;  plural,  animal' cules. 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


an  i  mal'cu  la 

Ar  chae  ol'o  gy 
ar'chives 
biv'ouac 
bi  tu'men 
each  in  na'tion 
com'plai  sant 
com  pla'cent 
chi  me'ra 
char'la  tan 
con  nois  seur' 
cod'i  cil 
con'so  nant 


38.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

Little  animals ;  the  plural  of  animal'" 
culum.  AnimalculcB  is  incorrect. 

The  science  of  antiquities. 

Government  records. 

An  encampment  without  tents. 

Petroleum  ;  coal-oil ;  asphaltum. 

Loud  laughter. 

Seeking  to  please  by  manners. 

Being  self-satisfied. 

A  vain,  idle,  unreal  fancy. 

A  chatterer  ;  quack  ;  humbug. 

A  critic  of  fine  arts. 

An  addition  or  supplement  to  a  will. 

Agreeing  with  ;  a  letter  sounded  with  the 
aid  of  a  vowel. 


39.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

car  niv'o  rous  Feeding  on  flesh, 

cor'ru  ga  ted  Wrinkled  ;  ridged  ;  furrowed, 

ca  dav'er  ous  Having  the  appearance  of  a  corpse, 

cal  ca're  ous  Having  chalk  or  lime, 

con  va  les'cent  Recovering  from  sickness  ;  getting  well, 

cen  trif 'u  gal  Tending  to  fly  from  the  center, 

cen  trip'e  tal  Tending  to  fly  to  the  center, 

cha  lyb'e  ate  Impregnated  with  iron, 

caout'chouc  (koo'chook)  India  rubber, 

ca'per  To  skip  like  a  goat ;  to  dance, 

ce  ram'ic  Pertaining  to  pottery, 

cha  grin'  A  gnawing  of  the  mind  ;  vexation  ;  mor- 
tification. 

com'pro  mise  A  settlement  by  mutual  agreement, 

con  stel  la'tion  A  cluster  of  stars. 


WORDS   GROUPED    AND    DEFINED. 


53 


cor  us  ca'tion 
cos  mog'o  ny 
co'te  rie 

cro  chef 
crotch'et 
chi  ca'ne  ry 
cur  mud'geon 

cyn'o  sure 
di  shev'eled 
der  e  lic'tion 
dec'a  logue 
de  coc'tion 


de  lir'i  ous 

des'ic  ca  ted 
di  ag  no'sis 
dis  cern' 
dit'to  (do.) 
dy  nam'ic 
e  lu'ci  date 
et  y  mol'o  gy 
ex  or'bi  tant 
el  ee  mos'y  na  ry 
ex  trav'a  sate 
em  pir'ic  al 
em  pir'i  cism 


40.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

A  sudden  spark  or  flash  of  light. 

Theory  of  the  creation. 

A  small  select   company  of  friends ;   a 

club  ;  a  social  set. 

Fancy  knitting  by  means  of  a  hook. 
A  whim  or  conceit. 
Mean  tricks  ;  petty  wrangling. 
(Corruption  of  corn-merchant)  &  mean, 

miserly  person. 

Center  of  attraction  ;  the  north  star. 
Spread  loosely  and  disorderly. 
The  act  of  forsaking  entirely. 
The  ten  commandments. 
An  extract  made  by  boiling  or  steeping 

anything. 

41.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

Having  a  delirium  ;  wandering  in  mind  ; 
insane. 

Dried  up  ;  thoroughly  dried. 

Judging  of  a  disease  by  the  symptoms. 

To  perceive  in  all  its  parts. 

The  same  thing ;  that  which  has  been  said. 

Eelating  to  power  or  force. 

To  make  lucid  or  clear. 

The  true  derivation  or  origin  of  words. 

Excessive  ;  going  beyond  its  usual  limits. 

Eelating  to  alms-giving  ;  charitable. 

To  let  out  of  the  proper  vessels,  as  blood. 

Founded  on  experiment  alone. 

Quackery  ;  the  practice  of  medicine  with- 
out a  regular  medical  education. 


54 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


42.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

el'i  gi  ble  Fit  to  be  elected  or  chosen  ;    suitable  ; 

desirable, 
es'pi  on  age  Practice  or  employment  of  spies  ;  a  close 

watch. 

eb  ul  li'tion  The  act  of  boiling. 

e  phem'e  ral          Existing  only  for  a  day  ;  short-lived, 
ef  flo  resce'  To  blossom  out. 

ef  fete'  "Worn  out  with  age. 

e  lim'in  ate  To  turn  out  of  doors  ;  to  leave  out. 

e  lix'ir  The  quintessence  of  anything, 

es'cu  lent  Fit  to  be  used  for  food  by  man  ;  eatable  ; 

edible. 

eu'phu  ism  A  high-flown  or  stilted  expression. 

ex  u  da'tion  An  oozing  out  through  the  pores, 

fe'brile  Pertaining  to  fever. 

43.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

flag  el  la'tion  The  act  of  whipping,  flogging,  or  scourg- 
ing. 

fa  ce'tious  Witty  ;  humorous  ;  funny  ;  droll. 

far'ci  cal  Kelating  to  a  farce  ;  ludicrous. 

fer'rule  A  metal  ring  on  a  staff  to  keep  it  from 

splitting. 

fer'ule  A  wooden  rule. 

fil'i  gree  Ornamental  work  of  gold  or  silver  wire. 

fis'cal  Pertaining  to  the  public  treasury  or  rev- 

enue. 

fri'a  ble  Capable  of  crumbling. 

frip'per  y  Useless  trifles. 

flum'mer  y  Anything  worthless,  light,  or  insipid ; 

nonsense. 

f ul'min  ate  To  hurl  lightning ;  to  explode. 


WORDS   GROUPED   AND   DEFINED.  55 

44.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

guer'don  A  reward  or  recompense. 

guer  ril'la  An  irregular  soldier. 

gran'ite  A  rock  composed  of  grains,  quartz,  feld- 

spar, and  mica. 

sy'e  nite  A  species  of  granite  in  which  hornblende 

takes  the  place  of  mica. 

hy  poc'ri  sy  Feigning  to  be  what  one  is  not. 

hy'gi  ene  The  science  that  treats  of  health. 

hal  lu  ci  na'tion    A  wandering  of  the  mind  ;  delusion. 

hom'o  nym  A  word  having  the  same  sound  as  an- 

other, but  a  different  meaning. 

hy  drop'a  thy        The  treatment  of  diseases  by  cold  water. 

hy  per'bo  le  An  exaggerated  form  of  expression. 

hi  a'tus  A  gap  ;  an  opening  ;  a  defect ;  a  pause. 

i  ras'ci  ble  Easily  irritated  or  provoked. 

ir  rep'a  ra  ble        Not  capable  of  being  repaired. 

45.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

ir  rev'o  ca  ble  Not  capable  of  being  revoked  or  altered, 

in  cor'ri  gi  ble  Not  capable  of  being  corrected   or  re- 
formed. 

ir  re  triev'a  ble  Not  capable  of  being  retrieved, 

in  ef 'f a  ble  Not  capable  of  being  spoken, 

in  su'per  a  ble  Not  capable  of  being  overcome, 

in  de  fat'i  ga  ble  Not  capable  of  being  fatigued, 

in  scru'ta  ble  Not  capable  of  being  searched  into, 

in  noc'u  ous  Not  poisonous  ;  harmless, 

in  dig'e  nous  Native,  born,  or  originating  in  a  country, 

in  nu  en'do  An  indirect  allusion, 

is  o  la'tion  State  of  being  alone, 

in  ter'po  late  To  insert  a  spurious  word  or  passage, 

in  ter  ne'cine  Mutually  destructive. 


56 


FORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


id  i  o  syn'cra  sy 
id'i  om 

ig  no  ra'mus 

im  pe  cun'i  ous 
in  fin  i  tes'i  mal 
in  f  u  so'ri  a 
in  vei'gle 
i  so  ther'mal 
i  tin'er  ant 
in  ex'pli  ca  ble 
lu  gu'bri  ous 
lab'y  rinth 
lit  i  ga'tion 


ma  raud'er 
men  ag'e  rie 
mer  e  tri'cious 
mu  nic'i  pal 
mon  o  ma'ni  a 
ma  la'ri  a 


mal'con  tent 
mal'le  a  ble 
mel  lif 'lu  ous 
me  trop'o  lis 
mer'ce  na  ry 
mag  nan'i  mous 
mag  nil'o  quent 
me  di  o'cre 


46.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

Peculiarity  of  temperament. 

A  form  of  expression  peculiar  to  a  lan- 
guage. 

An  ignorant  person  making  a  pretence  to 
knowledge. 

Having  no  money. 

Infinitely  small. 

Microscopic  animals  in  water. 

To  entice  ;  to  delude. 

Having  an  equal  degree  of  heat. 

One  who  travels  from  place  to  place. 

Not  able  to  be  explained. 

Mournful ;  sad. 

A  place  full  of  winding  passages. 

The  act  of  carrying  on  a  lawsuit. 

47.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

One  who  is  in  search  of  booty  or  plunder. 
A  collection  of  foreign  or  wild  animals. 
Having  a  gaudy  appearance  ;  false. 
Pertaining  to  a  city  or  town. 
Insanity  on  one  subject. 
Bad  air ;    noxious   exhalations    causing 

fever. 

One  who  is  disaffected. 
Capable  of  being  hammered  out. 
Flowing  as  with  honey  ;  sweet-flowing. 
Chief  city  of  a  country. 
Hired  for  money  ;  selfish. 
Great-souled ;  noble. 
Speaking  in  a  pompous  or  bombastic  style. 
Middling,  or  moderate. 


WORDS   GROUPED   AND   DEFINED. 


57 


mol'e  cule 
mcm'o  lith 
mo  nop'o  ly 
mu  nif'i  cent 
my  thol'o  gy 
ne  crol'o  gy 
nec'ro  man  cy 


ne  fa'ri  ous 
nem'e  sis 
nep'o  tism 

non  cha  lance' 
nu  mis  mat'ics 


48.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

A  little  mass;  a  minute  particle  of  matter. 

A  shaft  of  a  single  stone. 

The  sole  power  of  dealing  in  anything. 

Present-giving ;  liberal ;  generous. 

The  science  of  myths. 

A  record  of  deaths. 

The  art  of  revealing  future  events  by  a 

pretended    communication    with     the 

dead. 

Wicked  in  the  extreme. 
Retributive  justice. 
Fondness   for    nephews ;    favoritism    to 

one's  relatives. 

Coolness  ;  self-possession  ;  indifference. 
The  science  of  coins  and  metals. 


na  ive  te' 

nup'tial 

om  niv'o  rous 

os'cil  late 

os'si  fy 

o  dor  if'er  ous 

o  bes'i  ty 

ob'so  lete 

ob  so  les'cent 

oc'ci  put 

oc  cult' 

oc  to  ge  na'ri  an 

oph  thal'mi  a 

op  pro'bri  um 


49.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

Native  simplicity ;  artlessness. 
Pertaining  to  marriage. 
Feeding  on  all  kinds  of  food. 
To  swing  to  and  fro. 
To  change  into  bone. 
Diffusing  a  sweet  odor. 
Extreme  corpulence  or  fatness. 
Gone  out  of  use. 
Going  out  of  use. 

The  back  part  of  the  head  or  skull. 
Covered  over  ;  hidden  ;  unknown. 
One  who  is  eighty  years  old. 
Inflammation  of  the  eyes. 
Contemptuous  reproach  ;  disdain. 


58 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


50.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

One  who  holds  that  everything  is  for  the 

best. 

or'gies  Drunken  nocturnal  revelry, 

ob  se'qui  ous  Basely  submissive  ;  cringing  ;  fawning, 

os'tra  cize  To  banish  from  society, 

pres'tige  Influence  arising  from  past  conduct, 

par'a  phrase  A  loose  or  free  rendering, 

phleg  mafic  Not  easily  excited  ;  sluggish  ;  dull ;  cold, 

pan'to  mime  A  representation  by  mute  action, 

par'ri  cide  The  murder,  or  the  murderer,  of  a  parent, 

par'a  site  One  who  feeds  upon  another  ;  a  hanger-on, 

pro  pi'tious  Disposed  to  be  favorable, 

pet'ri  fy  To  change  into  stone. 


pu'tre  fy 
pla'gi  a  rism 
per  tur  ba'tion 
pe  des'tri  an 
pre  di  lec'tion 
pug  na'cious 
per  ti  na'cious 

pu  sil  lan'i  mous 
ped'ant 
ped  a  go'gics 
per'i  phrase 

per  ni'cious 
per  pet'u  al 
per  spi  cu'i  ty 


51.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

To  become  rotten. 

Literary  stealing. 

Disturbance ;  confusion. 

One  who  goes  on  foot. 

A  liking  or  preference  beforehand. 

Inclined  to  fight ;  quarrelsome. 

Thoroughly  tenacious ;  holding  obsti- 
nately to  anything. 

Mean-spirited  ;  little-souled  ;  cowardly. 

One  who  makes  a  vain  display  of  learning. 

The  science  of  teaching. 

A  roundabout  way  of  speaking  ;  circum- 
locution. 

Killing  utterly  ;  exceedingly  destructive. 

Continuing  indefinitely ;  never-ceasing. 

State  of  being  clear ;  free  from  obscurity. 


WORDS    GROUPED   AND   DEFINED. 


59 


pes^sijnist 

par  a  pher  na'li 
pet'ti  fog  ger 
phle  bot'o  my 
pre  co'cious 
pre  da'ceous 
pre  var'i  cate 
psy  chol'o  gy 
quer'u  lous 
quan'da  ry 
ram'i  fy 
ric  o  chef 
ra  pa'cious 


52.  Spelling  and  Defining/ 

One  who  complains  of  everything  as  being 

for  the  worst. 

a  Ornaments  ;  trappings  ;  appendages. 
A  lawyer  who  practises  only  in  petty  cases. 
The  act  of  cutting  a  vein  ;  blood-letting. 
Ripe  before  the  natural  time. 
Living  by  prey. 

To  evade  the  truth  ;  to  quibble. 
The  science  of  the  mind. 
Habitually  fretful  or  complaining. 
Doubt ;  uncertainty  ;  perplexity. 
To  separate  into  branches. 
A  rebounding  or  rolling  along. 
Seizing  by  force ;    subsisting  on  prey ; 

ravenous. 


rec  i  proc'i  ty 
re  con'nais  sance 
ra  ti  oc  in  a'tion 
re  sus'ci  tate 

re  cip'ro  cal 

rem  i  nis'cence 
ren'dez  vous 
rep  ar  tee' 
re  spond'ent 
sol'e  cism 

sub'tle  ty 
sac'cha  rine 


53.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

A  mutual  obligation,  advantage,  or  right. 

A  preliminary  survey. 

The  act  of  reasoning. 

To  bring  to  life   again  after  apparent 

death,  as  by  drowning. 
Done  by  each  to  the  other ;  given  and 

received ;  mutual. 

That  which  is  recalled  to  mind  ;  recollee- 
An  appointed  place  of  meeting.        [tiou. 
A  smart,  witty,  and  ready  reply. 
One  who  responds  or  answers. 
A  gross    deviation    from  the    rules    of 

grammar. 

Acuteness ;  sharpness. 
Having  the  quality  of  sugar. 


60 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


scin'til  late 
sar  coph'a  gus 
sym  met'ri  cal 
si  mil'i  tude 
syn  on'y  mous 
soph'is  try 
su  per  cil'i  ous 
su  per  fi'cies 
su  per'flu  ous 
su  per  sede' 
sur  veil'lance 
tal'is  man 
ter  gi  ver  sa'tion 


tur'pi  tude 
tes'sel  la  ted 
tel'e  gram 
tel'e  phone 


54.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

To  emit  sparks  ;  to  sparkle. 

A  stone  coffin. 

Proportional  in  all  parts. 

Likeness  in  all  parts. 

Similar  in  meaning. 

Specious  or  fallacious  reasoning. 

Lifting  of  the  eyebrows  ;  disdainful. 

The  upper  face  or  surface. 

Overflowing  •  more  than  enough. 

To  take  the  place  of. 

Inspection ;  watchfulness. 

Something  superstitiously  used  as  a  charm. 

A  turning  of  the  back  ;  a  subterfuge  ;  an 

unexpected  change  ;  fickleness  of  coii- 

duct. 

Extreme  depravity. 
Formed  in  squares  of  mosaic  work. 
A  message  sent  by  telegraph. 
An  instrument  for  conveying  sound  to  a 

distance  by  means  of  electricity. 


PA.RT    III. 


ETYMOLOGY. 


SECTION     I.  — PREFIXES. 
I.  Teutonic  or  Anglo-Saxon  Prefixes. 

NOTE. — Require  pupils  to  define  every  word  given  under  the  head 
of  "  Examples,"  and  to  add  one  or  more  words  as  illustrations. 

MODEL. — A-shore  =  on  shore  ;  a-bed  =  in  bed  ;  a- wake  =  to  wake 
out  of  sleep. 


Prefix. 

Force  . 

Examples. 

j  on,  in,  at, 

a-shore   * 

a-bed  ' 

a- 

\  out  of,  from. 

a-rouse  • 

a-stern  * 

(  to  make, 

be-friend 

be-little 

be- 

<  intensive, 

be-fall   * 

be-moan  \^ 

(  by,  in,  over. 

be-side  - 

be-daub 

fore- 

beforehand. 

fore-tell' 

fore-sight 

for- 

from,  away. 

for-bid 

for-bear  / 

mis- 

wrong,  wrongly. 

mis-deed  ' 

mis-lead   * 

on- 

on. 

on-set      v/ 

on-slaught 

out- 

from,  beyond. 

out'-break  S 

out-do'  • 

over- 

above,  beyond. 

over-flow' 

over-look'  ^ 

(  not  (in  adi.) 

un-wise    , 

un-fair 

un- 

\                        v     / 

\  reversion  (in  v.) 

un-do 

un-twist 

under- 

beneath,  below. 

under-lie' 

un'der-brusli 

up- 

above,  over. 

up-lift' 

up'-land 

with- 

against,  back. 

with-draw' 

with-hold' 

62  NOK.MAL    WORD    BOOK. 

2.  Blank  Book  Exercise. 

Require  each  pupil  to  collect  a  list 

(1)  Of  40  words  having  the  prefix  out-. 

(2)  Of  50  adjectives  having  un- ;  also  10  verbs, 

3.  Latin  or  Romanic  Prefixes. 


Prefix. 

Force. 

Example. 

Definition. 

a-      1 
ab- 

from, 

a-vert, 
ab-rupt, 

to  turn  from. 
broken  off. 

abs->  ) 

°M' 

abs-tract', 

to  draw  /row. 

ad- 

at,  to. 

ad-here', 

to  stick  to. 

ambi- 

both,  around. 

ambi-ent, 

going  around. 

ante- 

before. 

ante-cedent, 

going  before. 

bis-,  bi- 

two,  twice. 

bi-sect, 

to  cut  in  two. 

circu.ni- 

around. 

circum-spect, 

looking  around. 

con- 

together,  ivith.  con-nect, 

to  join  together. 

contra- 

against. 

contra-diet, 

to  speak  against. 

de- 

down,  from, 

de-press, 

to  press  down. 

(from,  away. 

dis-pel, 

to  drive  away. 

dis- 

<  reversion  (v.) 

dis-obey, 

the  reverse  of  obey. 

(  not  (adj.) 

dis-honest, 

not  honest. 

ex- 

(  out  of,  from, 

ex-haust, 

to  draw  out  of. 

V4& 

\  beyond. 

ex-ceed, 

to  go  beyond. 

en- 

to  make. 

en-act, 

to  make  an  act. 

•v 

4.  Latin  or  Romanic  Prefixes.                       _—-  -^ 

Prefix. 

Force. 

Example. 

Definition. 

extra- 

beyond. 

extra-ordinary, 

beyond  ordinary. 

in- 

(  into  (v.) 

in-vade, 

to  go  into. 

(  not  (adj.) 

in-sane, 

not  sane. 

inter- 

between. 

inter-pose, 

to  place  between, 

intro- 

within. 

intro-duce, 

to  lead  within. 

juxta- 

near. 

juxta-position, 

near  position. 

ETYMOLOGY. 


Prefix. 

Porce. 

Example. 

non- 

not. 

non-sense, 

ob- 

against. 

ob-struct, 

(  through. 

per-vade, 

per- 

\  thoroughly. 

per'fect, 

pen- 

nearly. 

pen-insula, 

post- 

after. 

post-pone', 

pre- 

before. 

pre-cede, 

pro- 

forth. 

pro-ceed, 

j  bade. 

re-vert, 

re- 

\  again. 

re-affirm, 

Definition. 

not  sense, 
to  build  against. 
to  go  through. 
made  thoroughly, 
nearly  an  island, 
to  place  after. 
to  go  before. 
to  go  forth. 
to  turn  back. 
to  affirm  again. 


5.  Latin  Prefixes. 


Prefix.             Force. 

Example. 

retro-       backwards. 

retro-spect, 

se-            aside. 

se-cede, 

semi-       half. 

semi-tone, 

sub-         under. 

sub-scribe, 

{  over. 
super-  \  7         7 
(  beyond. 

super-vise, 
sur-pass, 

trans-      across. 

trans-gress, 

ultra-       beyond. 

ultra-marin 

vice-        instead  of. 

vice-roy, 

Definition. 

a  looking  backwards. 

to  go  aside. 

a  half  tone. 

to  write  under. 

to  oversee. 

to  go  beyond. 

to  step  across. 

beyond  marine. 

in  place  of  the  king. 


6.  Blank  Book  Exercise. 

I.  Write  20  words  having  the  prefix  ad- ;  20  with  con-, 
II.  20  words  with  dis-  ;  with  ex- ;  with  in- ;  with  re-. 
III.  10  words  with  ob-  ;  5  with  inter- ;  5  with  pro-. 

7.  Euphonic  Changes  in  Prefixes. 

NOTE. — The  final  consonant  of  some  prefixes  is  changed  into  the 
first  letter  of  the  root  word,  or  is  dropped ;  and,  in  words  that  have  come 
into  English  through  the  French,  the  Latin  forms  have  undergone 
material  modifications. 


64 


NORMAL   WORD    BOOK. 


0> 
ad-     = 


con- 


ac  cede' 
ac  quire 

ag  grieve 
col  lect 
mand 


( 
( 

j 

(  e^  qui 


quire 


occur 


pro- 
sub- 
super- 


*=    { 


tend 

sue  ceed' 
./ 


=,      V  sur'f&CQ 


an  nex' 

apply 
ar  range 
as  sent 
cor  rect 
com  mix 
e  lude 
im  pious 
im  press 
o/'fer 
2?e£  lucid 
jt??£r  sue' 
sup  press' 
sws  pend' 
sir  loin 


a£  tack' 
«£  tain 
al  lege 
«  gree 
co  here 
co  eval 
e  vade 
ir  regular 
ir  rigate 
op  pose' 
joflr'don 


£&/"  fuse' 

sum'mon 

5^r/name 


8.  Blank  Book  Exercises. 


L  Collect  and  write  20  words  to  illustrate  any  of  the 
euphonic  changes  of  the  prefix  ad-. 

II.  20  words  to  illustrate  the  prefix  in-. 

III.  20  words  to  illustrate  con-. 


9.  Greek  Prefixes. 


Prefix. 

an-,  a- 

ana- 

anti- 

amph- 

apo- 

cata- 

dia- 

dis-,  di- 

dys-  (dus) 


Force. 


Examples. 


not,  without,  an-archy 
away,  from,    ana-t'omy, 
against.  anti-p'athy, 

both,  around,  amphi-theater, 
from, asunder  apo-s'trophe, 
down.  cata-ract, 

through,  two.  dia-m'eter, 
two,  twice.      di-ph'thong, 
ill,  difficult,    dys-pepsia, 


without  rule, 
a  cutting  away. 
a  feeling  against. 
a  double  theater. 
a  turning  away. 
a  rushing  doivn. 
measure  through, 
two  sounds  in  one. 
difficult  digestion. 


hypo- 


ETYMOLOGY. 


Prefix. 

Force. 

Exam 

en- 

on,  in. 

em-phasis, 

epi- 

upon. 

epi-taph, 

eu- 

well. 

en-phonic, 

hyper 

above,  over. 

hyper-critical, 

under. 


hypo-th'esxs, 


stress  upon. 

upon  a  tomb. 

sounding  well. 

over-critical, 
j  that    which    is 
(     placed  under. 


jieta- 

para- 

peri- 
pro- 
syn- 

(  after,  with,  )                    , 
1  J     '            \  meta-inorph< 
(    change.      \ 

Jfc«Yfe,«m-i           M 

|    trary  to.     ) 
round,  with,    peri-m'eter, 
before.             pro-logue, 
together,  with,  syn-tax, 

i 


one    an- 
other. 

measure  round. 
what  is  said  before. 
a  putting  together. 


10.  Blank  Book  Work. 

1.  Collect  and  define  5  words  having  the  prefix  ant-  or 
anti-. 

2.  Define  the  word  ambidextrous. 

3.  Collect  and  define  5  words  having  the  prefix  cata-. 

4.  Five  words  having  the  prefix  meta-. 

5.  Five  words  having  the  prefix  syn-. 


SECTION    II. —  SUFFIXES. 

II.  Teutonic,  or  Anglo-Saxon  Suffixes. 

DEFINING  MODEL. — begg-ar,  one  who  begs 

Suffix.  Force.  Examples. 

-ar  one  ivho.  begg-ar  li-ar 

one  who.  drunk-ard         slugg-ard 

(  state  of  being.         free-dom  wis-dom 


-ard 

-dom 


dominion. 


king-dom          earl-dom 


66 

NORMAL 

WORD  BOOK. 

Suffix. 

Force. 

Examples. 

f  to  make. 

hard-en 

fast-en 

made  of,  like. 

wood-en 

earth-en 

-en 

j                j  y 

past  part. 

writt-en 

driv-en 

I  plural. 

ox-en 

ki-ne 

«ed 

past  part. 

lov-ed 

di-ed 

f  one  who. 

farm-er 

driv-er 

-er 

-j  that  ivhich. 

dipp-er 

ladd-er 

I  more. 

fast-er 

redd-er 

-era 

direction. 

north-ern 

west-era 

12.  Teutonic  or 

Anglo-Saxon  Suffixes. 

-erly 

direction. 

east-erly 

south-erly 

—erel 

7  *t/7                     _          —  i  

*     1               1 

"niact-erel 

httte. 

picK-erel 

1        (  little. 
\  that  which. 

satch-el 
shov-el 

gird-le 
spin-die 

(  plural. 

fox-es 

hand-s 

-es,  -s 

\  verb  suf. 

go-es 

think-s 

-est 

most. 

sadd-est 

tall-est 

-eth 

verb  suf. 

think-eth 

lov-eth 

-fold 

times. 

four-fold 

ten-fold 

-ful 

full  of. 

hope-ful 

health-ful 

-hood 

state  of  being. 

child-hood 

man-hood 

-ing 

j  pres.  part. 
\  verbal  noun. 

lov-ing 
read-ing 

think-ing 
speak-ing 

(  like. 

child-ish 

fool  -ish 

-ish 

\  somewhat. 

sweet-ish  . 

salt-ish 

13.  Teutonic  or 

Anglo-Saxon  Suffixes. 

-kin 

little. 

lamb-kin 

pip-kin 

-less 

without. 

speech-less 

thought-less 

-ling 

little. 

gos-ling 

duck-ling 

-like 

similar  to. 

god-like 

life-like 

. 

(  like. 

man-ly 

woman-ly 

•y 

1  in  a  manner. 

slow-ly 

quick-ly 

ETYMOLOGY. 


67 


Suffix, 

Force. 

Examples. 

-ness 

state  of  being. 

good-ness 

bright-ness 

-ock 

little. 

hill-ock 

bull-ock 

(  state  of  being. 

friend-ship 

hard-ship 

-ship 

•\  business. 

seaman-ship 

clerk-ship 

(  office. 

lord-ship 

wor-ship 

-some 

quality. 

glad-some 

win-some 

-ster 

one  who. 

game-ster 

trick-ster 

-teen 

ten. 

four-teen 

fif-teen 

-th 

state  of  being. 

wid-th 

weal-th 

-ward 

direction. 

home-ward 

north-ward 

-wards 

direction. 

back-wards 

to-wards 

-wise 

manner. 

end-wise 

length-wise 

-y 

full  of,  having. 

ston-y 

wind-y 

14.  Blank  Book  Work. 

,  Require  each  pupil  to  collect  and  ivrite  out : 

1.  A  list  of  20  words  having  the  suffix  -en. 

2.  A  list  of  20  words  having  the  suffix  -ed. 

3.  A  list  of  30  words  having  the  suffix  -er. 

4.  A  list  of  10  words  having  a  suffix  meaning  little. 

5.  A  list  of  40  words  having  the  suffix  -ness. 

6.  A  list  of  10  words  having  the  suffix  -less. 

7.  A  list  of  10  words  having  the  suffix  -ful. 

8.  A  list  of  10  words  having  the  suffix  -y. 

9.  A  list  of  10  words  having  the  suffix  -ship. 
1 0.  A  list  of  20  words  having  the  suffix  -es. 


15.  Latin  or  Romanic  and  Greek  Suffixes. 


I.   Vet-Its. 


Force. 

to  make, 
to  make, 
to  make, 
to  make. 
-ise  \  fo  make. 


Suffix. 

-ate 
-ish 

-fy 

-ize(G.) 


Examples, 


regul-ate 

humili-ate 

fin-ish 

publ-ish 

simpli-fy 

glori-fy 

legal-ize 

equal-ize 

advert-ise 

critic-fa* 

68 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


16.  Blank  Book  Work. 

Require  each  pupil  to  correct  and  write  out : 

1.  A  list  of  40  words  having  the  verb  suffix  -ate. 

2.  A  list  of  20  words  having  the  suffix  -fy. 

3.  A  list  of  10  words  having  the  verb  suffix  -ish.    td 

4.  A  list  of  20  words  having  the  suffix  -ize.  /  Q 

5.  A  list  of    5  words  having  the  suffix  -ise. 

17.  Nouns  and  Adjectives. 

NOTE. — Only  the  leading  suffixes  are  included  in  this  list;  the 
remainder  will  be  found  in  the  Appendix.  Many  of  the  adjective 
suffixes  are  also  used  as  noun  suffixes.  Require  the  words  under  the 
head  of  "  Examples  "  to  be  defined  by  means  of  the  root-word  and  the 
literal  meaning  of  the  suffix  ;  as,  e&t-able,  fit  to  be  eaten. 


Suffix. 

-able 
-ble 
-age 
-al 

-an 

-ance, 
-ancy 

-ant 
-ar 


Force. 

(  fit  to  be. 

\  capable  of  being. 

act  of,  state  of. 

pertaining  to. 
(  pertaining  to. 
\  one  who. 


Examples. 


eat-able 

mov-able 

till-age 

mort-al 

hum-an 

republic-an 


port-able 

sta-ble 

dot-age 

flor-al 

Eom-an 

Itali-an 


state  of  being.          repent-ance       brilli-ancy 


j  belonging  to. 
\  one  who. 
(pertaining  to. 
( one  who. 


triumph-ant     vigil-ant 
attend-ant .       inhabit-ant 


regul-ar 


-ary 


(  belonging  to. 
•<  one  who. 
( place  where. 


18.  Nouns  and  Adjectives. 

honor-ary 
secret-ary 
avi-ary 


tubul-ar 


tempor-ary 

advcrs-ary 

gran-ary 


ETYMOLOGY. 


69 


Suffix. 

Force. 

Examples. 

-ate 

j  having. 

fortun-ate 

passion-ate 

\  one  who. 

deleg-ate 

advoc-ate 

-cy 

state  of  being. 

bankrupt-cy 

accura-cy 

-ee 

one  to  whom. 

trust-ee 

patent-ee 

(  act  of. 

refer-ence 

conflu-ence 

-ence 

\ 
{  state  of  being. 

differ-ence 

diffid-ence 

-ency 

state  of  being. 

flu-ency 

despond-ency 

-ent 

(  belonging  to. 

depend-ent 

escu-lent 

[  one  who. 

stud-ent 

presid-ent 

-ery,  -y 

place  where. 

treasur-y 

nurs-ery 

-ess 

fern.  suf. 

lion-ess 

host-ess 

-et,  -ette 

'little. 

bull'et 

ros-ette' 

-ible 

capable  of  being. 

aud-ible 

ed-ible 

19.  Nouns 

and  Adjectives. 

-ic 

j  belonging  to. 

cub-ic 

Eoman-ic 

Av 

\  one  who. 

crit-ic 

lunat-ic 

-ics 

science,  art. 

opt-ics 

mechan-ics 

-ical 

belonging  to. 

monarch-ical 

algebra-ical 

-id 

having. 

viv-id 

torr-id 

-1PP 

(  state  of  being. 

coward-ice 

avar-ice 

AvC 

(  that  which. 

just-ice 

not-ice 

-ile 

(  belonging  to,  like 

.     puer-ile 

host-ile 

AAU 

\  capable  of  being. 

duct-ile 

doc-ile 

-ine 

belonging  to. 

serpent-ine 

aquil-ine 

-ion 

act  of,  state  of. 

collect-ion 

intent-ion 

-ism 

j  act  of,  state  of. 

liero-ism 

patriot-ism 

(  doctrine. 

commun-ism 

catholic-ism 

-ist 

one  who. 

art-ist 

novel-ist 

-itp 

(  belonging  to. 

fin-ite 

favor-ite 

Auw 

\  one  who. 

Israel-ite 

Lev-ite 

(  belonging  to. 

attent-ive 

nat-ive 

-ive 

\  one  wlio. 

capt-ive 

fugit-ive 

70 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


20.  Nouns  and  Adjectives. 


Suffix. 

Force. 

Examples. 

-let 

little. 

stream-let       rivu-let 

-ment 

(  act  of)  state  of. 

judg-ment      state-ment 

{  that  which. 

argu-ment       command-ment 

(  act  of,  state  of. 

testi-mony      matri-mony 

-mony 

}  that  which. 

patri-mony     ali-mony 

-or,  -er 

r  one  who.                \ 

govern-or       receiv-er 

-ier,  -eer 

cash-ier          engin-eer 

(  pertaining  to. 

compuls-ory  promiss-ory 

-ory 

(  place  where. 

dormit-ory      observat-ory 

-ose,  -ous 

full  of. 

verb-ose          danger-ous 

-tude 

state  of  being. 

grati-tude       lati-tude 

-ty 

state  of  being. 

anxi-ety          stupid-ity 

-ule 

little. 

glob-ule          nod-ule 

(  state  of  being. 

expos-ure        ten-ure 

-ure 

\  act  of)  that  which. 

creat-ure         verd-ure 

21.  Blank  Book  Work. 

Require  each  pupil  to  collect  and  write  : 


1.  A  list  of  20  adjectives  having 

2.  A  list  of  20  adjectives  having 

3.  A  list  of  20  nouns  having  the 

4.  A  list  of  10  adjectives  having 

5.  A  list  of  10  adjectives  having 

6.  A  list  of  10  nouns  having  the 

7.  A  list  of  10  nouns  having  the 

8.  A  list  of  40  nouns  having  the 

9.  A  list  of  10  nouns  having  the 

10.  A  list  of  10  nouns  having  the 

11.  A  list  of  20  nouns  having  the 

12.  A  list  of  10  adjectives  having 


the  suffix  -able. 
the  suffix  -ible. 
suffix  -ance. 
the  suffix  -ant. 
the  suffix  -ent. 
suffix  -ant  or  -ent. 
suffix  -ess. 
suffix  -ion.    I  0 
suffix  -ist. 
suffix  -ism. 
suffix  -or. 
the  suffix  -ous. 


ETYMOLOGY. 


71 


SECTION    III.— EXERCISES    IN    DEFINING. 

NOTE.— The  following  exercises  will  illustrate  tlie  method  to  be 
pursued  in  the  study  of  words.  First,  the  root  or  literal  meaning ; 
secondly,  the  secondary  or  synonymous  signification. 


22.  Teutonic  or  Anglo-Saxon  Prefixes. 


Word. 

a-back, 

a-blaze, 

be-calm, 

be-come, 

be-tide, 

for-swear, 

for-give, 

fore-see, 

fore'-taste, 

mis-lay, 

mis-take, 

un-belief, 

un-bind, 

un-bound, 

with-draw, 


Word. 

slugg-ard, 

nigg-ard, 

weav-er, 

reap-er, 

trick-ster, 

nap-kin, 

hire-ling, 

gos-ling, 


Literal  Dcf. 

on  the  back, 

in  a  blaze, 

to  make  calm, 

to  come  to, 

to  happen  to, 

to  swear /row  or  off, 

to  give  away, 

to  see  before, 

taste  beforehand, 

to  lay  wrongly, 

to  take  wrongly, 

want  of  belief, 

the  reverse  of  bind, 

not  bound, 

to  draw  from  or  back, 


Syu.  Def. 

backwards. 

on  fire. 

to  make  still. 

to  befit. 

to  befall. 

to  deny. 

to  pardon. 

to  know  beforehand. 

anticipation. 

to  lose. 

to  err. 

disbelief. 

to  set  free. 

free. 

to  retire. 


23.  Teutonic  or  Anglo-Saxon  Suffixes. 

Root  Def.  Syii.  Dcf. 

one  who  is  slow,  an  idler. 

one  who  scrapes  up,  a  miser. 

one  who  weaves. 

that  which  reaps,  a  machine. 

one  who  plays  tricks,  a  rogue. 

a  little  cloth. 

one  who  is  hired,  a  servant. 

a  little  goose,  a  young  goose. 


NORMAL  WORD  BOOK. 


Word.  Root  Def.  Syn.  Be*. 

bright-ness>       state  of  being  bright,  brilliance. 

owner-ship,       state  of  being  an  owner,  possession, 

health-fal,  full  of  health,  wholesome, 

streng-th,          that  which  is  strong,  power, 

heav-en,  that  which  is  heaved  up,  the  sky. 

bright-en,  to  make  bright,  to  cheer. 

24.  Latin  or  Romanic  Prefixes. 

NOTE. — Require  pupils  to  give  the  prefix,  the  root  or  literal  signifi 
cation,  and  the  secondary  or  synonymous  meaning. 


abs-tain, 

abs-cond, 

abs-truse, 

ab-sorb, 

ad-mire, 

ad-verse, 

al-ly', 

ap-peal, 

ar-rive, 

as-perse, 

as-suage, 


circTun-spect, 

circum-vent, 

con-found, 

eon-nive, 

con-nect, 

eon-ooct, 

con-cur, 

con'flict, 

con-spire, 

con-vene, 


to  hold  from, 
to  hide  from, 
thrust  from, 
to  suck  in  from, 
to  wonder  at, 
turned  against, 
to  bind  together, 
to  call  to, 

to  come  to  the  bank, 
to  scatter  over, 
to  make  sweety 

25.  Latin  Prefixes. 

looking  around, 
to  come  round, 
to  pour  together, 
to  ivink  together, 
to  knit  together, 
to  cook  together, 
to  run  together, 
a  dashing  together, 
to  breathe  together, 
to  come  together, 


to  keep  from. 

to  run  away. 

hidden. 

to  take  up. 

to  regard  highly- 

opposed  to. 

to  unite. 

to  refer. 

to  reach. 

to  slander. 

to  soften. 


cautious, 
to  outwit, 
to  perplex, 
to  fail  to  see. 
to  join, 
to  prepare, 
to  agree, 
a  fight, 
to  plot, 
to  meet. 


ETYMOLOGY. 


73 


•Word.  Root  Def. 

cog-nate,  lorn  together, 

de-cide,  to  cut  from, 

de-clare,  to  make  quite  clear, 

de-cry,  to  cry  down, 

de-duct,  to  take  from, 

dis-arm,  to  deprive  of  arms, 


Syn.  Def. 

of  the  same  kind. 

to  end,  to  settle. 

to  assert. 

to  blame. 

to  subtract. 

to  make  harmless. 


26.  Latin  Prefixes. 

dis-belief, 

want  of  belief, 

unbelief. 

dis-contented, 

not  contented, 

uneasy. 

di-late, 

to  carry  apart, 

to  widen. 

di-gress, 

to  go  aside  from, 

to  wander. 

dif-fuse, 

to  pour  apart, 

to  spread. 

dis-tant, 

standing  apart, 

remote. 

ex-cite, 

to  call  out, 

to  stir  up. 

ex-hume, 

out  of  the  ground, 

to  disinter. 

ex-pect, 

to  look  for, 

to  hope. 

ex-ult, 

to  leap  out, 

to  rejoice. 

e-ducate, 

to  lead  out, 

to  teach. 

ef-fluyium, 

a  flowing  out, 

a  smell. 

e-yent, 

a  coming  out, 

an  occurrence. 

ef-frontery,     -j 

a  pushing  out  of  the 
forehead, 

[•  impudence. 

e-lect, 

ec-centric, 

em-bellish, 

in-dent, 

in-dorse, 

in-fringe, 

in-flate, 

im-mure, 


27,  Latin  Prefixes. 

to  choose  out,  to  select  for  office. 


out  of  center, 
to  make  beautiful, 
to  put  the  teeth  into, 
to  put  on  the  back, 
to  break  into, 
to  blow  into, 
within  walls, 


odd,  singular, 
to  adorn, 
to  mark, 
to  sign, 
to  violate, 
to  puff  up. 
to  shut  up. 


4 


NORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


\Vortl.  Root  Def.  Syn.  Def. 

im-pede,  to  put  the  feet  into,  to  hinder, 

in-stigate,  to  prick  on,  to  set  on. 

in-constant,  not  standing  together,  changeable, 

in-correct,  not  straight  together,  wrong, 

in-dependent,  not  hanging  upon  others,  free,  bold, 

im-politic,  not  politic,  imprudent, 

im-pugn,  to  fight  against,  to  call  in  question, 

im-plicate,  to  fold  into,  to  involve. 


im-pudent, 

inter-cept, 

inter-diet, 

inter-sect, 

inter-rupt, 

inter-rogate, 

ob-viate, 

oc-casion, 

ob-stacle, 

ob-vious, 

op-pose, 

op-po'nent, 

per-secute, 

per-ceive, 

per-ennial, 

per-manent, 


per-plex, 

post-erity, 

pre-destine, 

pre-fer, 

pre-sent, 


28.  Latin  Prefixes. 

lacking  shame, 

to  take  between, 

to  speak  between, 

to  cut  between, 

to  break  in  between, 

to  ask  between, 

to  meet  in  the  way, 

that  which  falls  against, 

that  which  stands  in  the  way, 

meeting  in  the  way, 

to  place  against, 

one  who  opposes, 

to  pursue  thoroughly, 

to  take  thoroughly, 

through  the  year, 

remaining  through, 

29.  Latin  Prefixes. 


brazen-faced. 

to  stop  by  the  way. 

to  forbid. 

to  divide. 

to  stop. 

to  question. 

to  remove. 

opportunity. 

impediment. 

evident. 

to  resist. 

an  adversary. 

to  harass. 

to  understand, 

perpetual. 

lasting. 


to  interweave  thoroughly,  to  puzzle. 

those  coming  after,  descendants. 

to  destine  beforehand,  to  preordain. 

to  take  before,  to  select. 

to  set  before,  to  offer. 


ETYMOLOGY:. 


75 


IVord. 

pre-text, 

pre-vious, 

pre-posterous, 

pro-claim, 

pro-fuse, 

pro-ject, 

pur-pose, 

pur-sue, 

re-deem, 

re-fleet, 

re-lapse, 

re-side, 

re-veal, 

re-trieve, 


retro-grade, 

se-clude, 

se-crete, 

sub-vert, 

sub- jugate, 

sug-gest, 

sup-plant, 

sus-pect, 

sus-pend, 

super-sede, 

super-fluous, 

sur-vey, 

sur-vive, 


Iran-scribe, 
trans-late, 


Root  Def. 

woven  before, 

on  the  way  before, 

the  back  in  front, 

to  call  forth, 

pouring  forth, 

to  throw  forward, 

to  set  forth, 

to  follow  onwards, 

to  buy  back, 

to  bend  back, 

to  slip  back. 

to  sit  back, 

to  put  back  the  veil, 

to  find  again, 

30.  Latin  Prefixes. 

to  step  backwards, 

to  shut  apart, 

to  put  aside, 

to  turn  from  beneath, 

to  put  under  the  yoke, 

to  carry  up, 

to  trip  up  one's  heels, 

to  look  under, 

to  hang  beneath, 

to  set  above, 

flowing  over, 

to  look  over, 

to  live  beyond, 

31.  Latin  Prefixes. 

to  write  over  again, 
to  carry  across, 


Syii.  Def. 

a  pretence, 
former, 
absurd, 
to  announce, 
extravagant, 
to  plan, 
to  propose, 
to  chase, 
to  ransom, 
to  think  over, 
to  fall, 
to  dwell, 
to  disclose, 
to  recover. 


to  become  worse, 
to  keep  apart, 
to  conceal, 
to  overthrow, 
to  enslave, 
to  hint, 
to  undermine, 
to  mistrust, 
.to  delay, 
to  displace, 
abundant, 
to  inspect, 
to  outlive. 


to  copy, 
to  interpret. 


76  NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


Word.                                  Root  Wef. 

Syn.  Def. 

tran-spire,         to  breathe  through, 

to  become  known. 

tran-scend,        to  climb  beyond, 

to  excel. 

trans-  verse,       turned  across. 

trans-fer,           to  carry  over, 

to  transport. 

trans-ient,        going  across, 

passing. 

32.  Defining  Lesson.    Greek  Prefixes. 

a  byss',                without  bottom, 

a  deep  pit. 

an'  ar  chy,          without  rule, 

confusion. 

a  mor'phous,      without  form, 

shapeless. 

a  non'y  mous,     without  signature, 

nameless. 

am  big'u  ous,      driving  two  ways, 

equivocal. 

a  nal/y  sis,          a  loosening  away, 

separation. 

a  nat'o  my,         a  cutting  up, 

dissection. 

an  tith'e  sis,        a  placing  against, 

contrast. 

a  pol'o  gy,           a  speaking  out  of, 

an  excuse. 

cat'a  logue,         a  counting  doivn, 

a  list. 

di  ag'o  nal,         through  the  angle, 

j  from  corner  to 
\          corner. 

en'er  gy,             inherent  power  for  work, 

vigor. 

ep  i  dem'ic,        among  the  people, 

contagious. 

e  clipse,              a  leaving  out, 

darkness. 

e  clip  tic,            the  line  on  which  eclipses  take  place. 

hy  per'bo  le,       a  throwing  beyond, 

exaggeration. 

hy  poth'e  cate,   to  place  under, 

to  mortgage. 

met  a  phys'ics,   after  physics, 

j  mental  philoso- 

phy- 

par'a  dox,           against  opinion, 

j  apparent     con- 
(      tradiction. 

per  i  cra'ni  um,  around  the  skull, 

the  membrane. 

syn  op'sis,           a  seeing  together, 

a  summing  up. 

sym'me  try,        measurement  with, 

proportion. 

ETYMOLOGY. 


77 


33.  Dictionary  Lesson. 

Define  the  following  words  : 

an'te  date  di'a  gram  ep  i  der'mis 

a  pos'tro  phe  en  thu'si  ast  hy  pot'e  nuse 

a  phel'ion  en  co'mi  um  par'a  digm 

cat'a  combs  em  po'ri  um  pa  ral'y  sis 

34.  Latin  and  Greek  Suffixes. 

NOTE. — Require  each  pupil  to  select  and  define,  orally,  one  addi- 
tional word  under  each  suffix. 


ar'able 

dur'able 

li'able 

respect'able 

leg'ible 

flexible 

mar'ri-age 

cart'age 

car'ri-age 

fo'li-age 

her'it-age 

gramma'ri-an 

Itali-an 

frug-al 

diurn'al 

contriv-ance 


main'ten-ance 
sus'ten-ance 
vig'il-ant 
exult'ant 


Fit  to  be  ploughed  ;  tillable. 
Capable  of  lasting  ;  enduring. 
Capable  of  being  bound  ;  responsible  ;  sub- 
ject to. 

Worthy  to  be  respected. 
Capable  of  being  read  ;  distinct ;  clear. 
Capable  of  being  bent ;  pliant. 
Act  of  or  state  of  being  married. 
The  act  or  cost  of  carting  or  carrying. 
Act  of  carrying  ;  vehicle. 
A  collection  of  leaves. 
That  which  is  inherited. 
One  who  is  versed  in  grammar. 
Pertaining  to  Italy ;  a  native  of  Italy. 
Belonging  to  fruit ;  thrifty ;  temperate. 
Pertaining  to  a  day  ;  daily. 
Act  of  contriving  ;  invention  ;  plan. 

35.  Latin  and  Greek  Suffixes. 

Act  of  maintaining  or  supporting. 
That  which  sustains  ;  provisions. 
Keeping  watch ;  watchful. 
Having  exultation  ;  exulting  ;  triumphant. 


78 


NORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


complain'ant  One  who  brings  a  ^iit  in  law. 

con'fid-ant  One  who  is  confided  in,  or  trusted. 

an'nul-ar  Having  the  form  of  a  ring  ;  ring-like. 

regul-ar  According  to  rule  ;  orderly. 

plen-ary  Having  full  powers. 

milit-ary  Pertaining  to  soldiers  ;  warlike. 

statu-ary  A  collection  of  statues. 

api-ary  A  place  where  bees  are  kept. 

incen'di-ary  One  who  sets  fire  to  property. 

leg'is-late  To  make  laws. 

del'eg-ate  One  who  is  sent  by  others. 

fortun-ate  Having  good  fortune  ;  lucky. 

delica-cy  State  of  being  delicate. 

refer-ee  One  to  whom  something  is  referred. 

36.  Latin  and  Greek  Suffixes. 

mortgag-ee  One  to  whom  a  mortgage  is  given. 

conflu-ence  State  of  flowing  together. 

refer-ence  Act  of  referring. 

conf er-ence  Act  of  conferring ;  meeting. 

ferv-ent  Having  fervor  ;  boiling  ;  warm. 

ag-ent  One  who  does  something. 

resid-ent  One  who  resides  in  a  place. 

rust-ic  Belonging  to  the  country  ;  a  countryman. 

arct-ic  Relating  to  the  constellation  of  the  Great 

Bear;  northern. 

eth-ics  The  doctrines  of  morality, 

mathemat-ics  The  science  of  quantity, 

opt-ics  The  science  of  vision  or  light, 

orthograph-ical  Pertaining  to  correct  spelling. 

37.  Latin  and  Greek  Suffixes. 

viv-id  Having  life ;  lifelike. 

vir-ile  Pertaining  to  a  man  ;  strong  ;  manly. 


ETYMOLOGY. 


79 


feb-rile  Pertaining  to  a  fever. 

doc-He  Capable  of  being  taught ;  teachable, 

can-ine  Pertaining  to  dogs, 

fel-ine  Pertaining  to  cats, 

mascul-ine  Pertaining  to  the  male  sex. 

femin-ine  Pertaining  to  the  female  sex. 

probat-ion  Act  of  proving  ;  trial, 

suspic-ion  Act  of  looking  under  ;  mistrust, 

cynic-ism  State  of  being  like  a  cynic,  or  dog ;  snarling, 

critic-ism  The  act  of  criticising,  or  judging, 

athe-ist  One  who  does  not  believe  in  God. 

favor-ite  One  luho  or  that  which  is  favored, 

persuas-ive  Having  the  power  to  persuade. 

38.  Latin  and  Greek  Suffixes. 

nat-ive  One  who  is  born  in  a  place  ;  from  or  by 
birth. 

adject-ive  That  which  is  joined  to  a  noun. 

narrat-ive  That  which  is  narrated  or  told  ;  story. 

util-ize  To  make  useful. 

vital-ize  To  make  vital,  or  full  of  life. 

testi-mony  Tliat  which  is  testified  ;  proof. 

ali-mony  TJiat  which  is  allowed  for  food,  or  for  sup- 
port. 

legislat-or  One  who  makes  laws. 

laborat-ory  Place  where  chemists  woric. 

dormit-ory  Place  for  sleeping. 

dubi-ous  Having  doubt ;  doubtful. 

coma-tose  Having  a  deep  sleep  ;  drowsy. 

forti-tude  Quality  of  being  strong ;  power  of  endur- 
ing pain. 

legislat-ure  The  body  which  makes  laws. 

literat-ure  The  science  of  letters. 


NORMAL  WOED  BOOK. 


SECTION    IV.— ROOTS    AND    COMPOUNDS. 

I.    TEUTONIC    OR    ANGLO-SAXON    WORDS. 

39.  Teutonic  Roots. 

The  suffix  -an  in  the  root-verbs  denotes  the  present  infinitive. 


Root. 

Force. 

Derivatives. 

bugan 

to  bend. 

bough 

bight 

bow 

buan 

to  till 

boor 

boorish 

neighbor 

cunnan 

to  know. 

ken 

cunning 

ceapian 

to  buy. 

cheapen 

chaffer 

cheapness 

cleofan 

to  split. 

cleave 

cleft 

cleaver 

cun 

race. 

kin 

kind 

kindred 

cnytan 

to  tie. 

knit 

knot 

deman 

to  judge. 

deem 

doomsday 

freedom 

dragan 

to  pull. 

drag 

draw 

drudge 

faran 

to  oo. 

fare 

ford 

ferry 

farewell 

welfare 

thoroughfare 

fion 

to  hate. 

fiend 

foe 

fliogan 

to  fly,  or  flee. 

fleet 

flit 

flag 

frean 

to  love. 

friend 

freedom 

frolic 

grafan 

to  dig. 

grave 

groove 

graft 

gyrdan 

to  bind. 

girdle 

girth 

habban 

to  hold. 

have 

haft 

had 

halig 

whole,  holy. 

heal 

hail 

hallow 

healdan 

to  hold. 

hilt 

halter 

halt 

slagan 

to  kill. 

slay 

slaughter 

sledge 

steoran 

to  guide. 

steer 

stern 

starboard 

stede 

place. 

homestead 

bedstead 

stead 

sceran 

to  cut. 

scar 

share 

shear 

screopan 

to  nib. 

scrape 

scrap 

scraper 

stician 

to  make  fast. 

stick 

stake 

stock 

ETYMOLOGY. 


81 


Boot. 

teogan 

thirlian 

wendan 

witan 

writhan 

wefan 


Force. 

to  puU. 
to  bore,  drill, 
to  go. 
to  know, 
to  twist, 
to  weave. 


Derivatives. 

tug 
tin-ill 

tight 
thrall 

tough 

went 

wend 

wander 

to  wit 

wise 

wizard 

writhe 

wreath 

wrath 

web 

wife 

woof 

40.  Anglo-Saxon  Compounds. 

The  following  compounds  illustrate  the  formation  of 
English  words  from  Teutonic  words. 


answer 

acorn 

barn 

brimstone 

bridegroom 

daisy 

fulsome 

gospel 

gooseberry 

husband 

homestead 


Icicle 

neighbor 

righteous 

step-child 

stirrup 

walnut 

wiseacre 


I. 

and-swarian, 

aec-cern. 

bere-ern. 

bryne-stone. 

bryd-guma. 

daeges-aege, 

fill-some, 

god-spell, 

gorse-berry* 

hus-boda, 

home-stede, 

IL 


neah-bur, 

riht-wys, 

sfeop-cild, 

stige-rap, 

weahl-knut, 

weise-sagan, 


to  speak  against. 

oak-corn,  or  kernel. 

barley  house. 

burn-stone. 

bride-man. 

day's  eye, 

foul-some 

good-story. 

rough-berry. 

house-master. 

home-place. 


ice-jag,  or  cone, 
nigh-dweller,  or  boor 
right  wise, 
bereaved  child, 
climbing  rope, 
foreign  nut. 
a  wise  sayer. 


KOKMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


Sunday 

Monday 

Tuesday 

Wednesday 

Thursday 

Friday 


jSunnes-daeg, 

Monan-daeg, 

Tmcs-daeg, 

Wodnes-daeg, 

Thunres-daeg, 

Frige-daeg, 


Sun's  day. 
Moon's  day. 
Tuisco's  day. 
Woden's  day. 
Thor's  day. 
Fria's  day. 


41.  Word  Exercise. 

1.  Make  out  a  list  of  the  compounds  formed  with  man ; 
with  self;  with  sea. 

2.  Make  a  list  of  the  compounds  of  house ;  of  home ; 
of  school. 

3.  Form  as  many  compounds  as  possible  with  steam ; 
all;  white;  hand;  head;  horse. 


42.  English  Compounds  of  Teutonic  Origin. 

NOTE. — The  following  lists  of  compound  words  show  how  largely 
the  Teutonic  or  Anglo-Saxon  words  enter  into  the  vocabulary  of 
English  speech.  These  compounds  are  written  and  printed  without 
a  hyphen. 


backbone 

black'smith 

break'fast 

cling'stone 

back  slide 

black  board 

bread  stuffs 

corn  field 

back  bite 

black  leg 

break  down 

cow  hide 

back  ground 

block  head 

broad  sword 

day  break 

back  side 

blood  shed 

broad  cast 

dead  head 

bare  foot 

blind  fold 

brow  beat 

dooms  day 

bed  stead 

boat  swain 

broom  stick 

down  right 

bed  side 

bond  man 

brides  maid 

down  fall 

bed  room 

bow  sprit 

bride  groom 

drum  stick 

birth  day 

bow  string 

brow  beat 

draw  back 

birth  right 

bird's  nest 

brim  stone 

draughts  man 

black  bird 

brake  man 

buck  wheat 

dum  found 

ETYMOLOGY. 


83 


43.  English  Compounds. 


eaves'drop 

freed'man 

ground'work 

hearth'stone 

earth  quake 

free  hold 

grey  hound 

helms  man 

eye  brow 

free  stone 

hail  stone 

hear  say 

eye  lash 

fur  long 

hand  cuff 

help  meet 

eye  lid 

god  son 

hand  maid 

hence  forth' 

eye  sight 

god  send 

hang  man 

here  in' 

foot  fall 

gos  pel 

hard  ware 

here  with' 

foot  hold 

gos  sip 

head  land 

hind  most 

foot  path 

gold  smith 

head  long- 

home spun 

foot  man 

green  house 

heads  man 

home  stead 

foot  step 

green  stone 

head  stone 

home  sick 

foot  stool 

green  wood 

head  stall 

horse  back 

fort  night 

green  sward 

head  strong 

horse  man 

fare  well 

grind  stone 

head  wind 

horse  shoe 

free  man 

grooms  man 

head  work 

horse  whip 

44.  English 

Compounds. 

house'hold 

land'mark 

mid'rib 

noth'ing 

house  wife 

lands  man 

mid  ships 

noon  day 

high  land 

land  lord 

mid  land 

noon  tide 

hedge  hog 

land  slide 

milk  man 

num  skull 

hogs  head 

land  scape 

milk  sop 

out  break 

hood  wink 

life  long 

milk  weed 

out  bid' 

haw  thorn 

live  long 

mil  dew 

out'cast 

ice  berg 

lock  smith 

moon  beam 

out  come 

is  land 

log  wood 

moon  shine 

out  crop 

jaw  bone 

low  land 

moon  light 

out  cry 

keep  sake 

lime  stone 

moon  struck 

out  let 

kins  man 

luke  warm 

neigh  bor 

out  set 

king  craft 

man  kind' 

night  fall 

out  growth 

kins  folk 

marks  man 

night  mare 

out  lay 

knap  sack 

mid  night 

night  shade 

out  look 

NORMAL   WORD    BOOK. 


45.  English  Compounds. 


oat'meal 
oars  man 
patch  work 
play  thing 
plough  share 
plow  share 

seeds'man         spokes'man      there  by' 
sheep  fold         steam  boat        there  of 
shep  herd         steam  ship        there  with' 
sheep  skin        stead  fast          townsfolk 
ship  board        sweet  meats      towns  man 
ship  mate         sweet  heart       toad  stool 

quick  sand 

ship  wreck       swords  man      tip  toe 

quick  lime 

ship  wright      sun  rise 

work  man 

quick  step 

skin  flint          sun  set 

work  shop 

red  wood 

sky  light           sun  shine 

wed  lock 

road  stead 

sky  lark            sun  stroke        wood  bine 

sand  stone 

slip  shod           sun  light 

wood  land 

scare  crow 

snow  drop         sun  beam 

wood  man 

scarf  skin 

snow  ball          tell  tale 

work  folks 

sea  man 

steel  yards        thread  bare       wel  fare. 

46.  English  Compound 

s. 

wind'fall 

bus'y  body 

land'la  dy 

witch  craft 

bar'ley  corn 

man  slaugh  ter 

wheel  wright 

bed'fel  low 

now  a  days 

whirl  pool 

ev'e  ry  bo  dy 

nev  er  the  less 

whirl  wind 

ev  e  ry  thing 

there  a  bout' 

white  wash 

ev  e  ry  where 

there  after 

whet  stone 

ev  er  green 

thence  for  ward 

ware  house 

fore  hand'ed 

weath'er  wise 

wrist  band 

fool  hard  y 

where  with  al' 

an'y  thing 

goose  bcr  ry 

wherc'a  bouts 

an'y  body 

hon  ey  moon 

where  up  on' 

after  noon 

bus  band  man 

where  so  ev  er 

after  thought 

house  keep  er 

who  ev  er 

be  fore  hand 

hon  ey  suck  le 

which  ev  er 

be  hind  hand 

land  hold  er 

whom  so  ever 

ETYMOLOGY. 


85 


47.  Hyphenized  Teutonic  Compounds. 

NOTE. — The  following  compound  words  are  generally  written  and 
printed  with  a  hyphen,  though  there  is  a  tendency  to  fuse  many  of 
them  into  one  word,  omitting  the  hyphen. 


bird's-eye 

day-book 

dry-goods 

good-day 

blood-hound 

dead-light 

dog-days 

grave-stone 

book-mark 

dead-weight 

ear-drop 

grave-yard 

book-shelf 

dear-bought 

fast-day 

ground-nut 

bulk-head 

death-bed 

first-born 

hair-breadth 

by-gone 

death's-head 

fish-hook 

half-blood 

by-word 

death-knell 

flag-staff 

half-breed 

cheek-bone 

death-stroke 

fly-leaf 

half-moon 

club-foot 

death-blow 

fly-wheel 

hand-book 

club-room 

door-stone 

full-moon 

hand-breadth 

corn-bread 

door-sill 

gold-dust 

hard-fought 

corn-stalk 

door-nail 

gold-leaf 

hang-dog 

cut-off 

door-way 

gold-fish 

"  head-first 

cut-throat 

drift-wood 

good-by 

head-stone 

day-dream 

dray-horse 

good-night 

head-gear 

48.  Hyphenized 

English  Compounds. 

head-wind 

heart's-ease 

life-like 

nest-egg 

hearth-stone 

horse-block 

loop-hole 

rough-shod 

heart-sick 

horse-laugh 

love-lorn 

rough  hew 

heartVblood 

horse-flesh 

love-knot 

sea-shore 

herd's-grass 

house-maid 

love-sick 

sea-breeze 

high-born 

house-dog 

milk-tooth 

sea-sick 

high-flown 

house-room 

milk-pan 

sea-girt 

high-strung 

house-top 

milk-pail 

sea-room 

home-made 

knee-pan 

milk-white 

sea-king 

home-brewed 

life-boat 

night-gown 

sea-fight 

home-like 

life-blood 

night-sweat 

sea-shell 

86 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


shell-fish 
skim-milk 
small-pox 
snow-plough 

snow-shoe 
snow-white 
snow-bird 
snow-drift 

snow-flake 
snow-storm 
spruce-beer 
steam-  tug 

stone-wall 
stone-ware 
stone-work 
stone's-throw 

sweep-stakes 

sweet-fern 

sword-fish 

town- house 

true-blue 

twin-born 

wash-house 

wash-tub 

well-spent 

well-sweep 

wood-house 

wood-work 

word-book 

work-house 

work-box 


49.  Hyphenized  English 

half-wit'ted 

hard-fist'ed 

hard-heart'ed 

heav'en-born 

har'vest-moon 

short-sight'ed 

short-com'ings 

short-breathed' 

wa'ter-wheel 

wa'ter-spout 

wa'ter-works 

wa'ter-mark 

whif'fle-tree 

win'dow-blind 

thor'ough-bred 


Compounds. 

step'-fa  ther 

step'-moth  er 

step'-son 

step'-daugh  ter 

step'-child 

half -broth  er 

half-sis  ter 

moth'er-in-law 

father-in-law 

brother-in-law 

sister-in-law 

son-in-law 

daughter-in-law 

out-of-door 

man-of-war 


SECTION    V.— LATIN    ROOTS. 

I.    VERBS. 

NOTE. — The  present  infinitive  of  the  verb  is  put  in  black  letter; 
the  supine,  in  common  type,  and  the  signification  in  italics. 

Teachers  should  first  require  pupils  to  give,  orally,  the  prefix  or 
suffix,  with  its  force  :  then  the  root,  with  its  force  ;  next,  the  literal 
or  root  definition  ;  and  finally,  the  secondary  meaning,  or  current 
signification.  Afterwards,  the  exercises  may  be  written. 

Pupils  should  be  encouraged  to  make  a  free  use  of  the  Unabridged 
School  Dictionary.  An  Alphabetical  Reference  List  of  Prefixes  and 
Suffixes  will  be  found  in  the  Appendix. 


ETYMOLOGY.  87 

50.  Models  for  Preliminary  Oral  Exercises. 

1.  Discretion. 

The  prefix  dis-=from;  the  suffix  -ion  =.  act  of;  the 
root  cret  comes  from  cretum,  the  supine  of  cer'ne-re,  mean- 
ing to  sift ;  to  separate. 

Dis-cret-ion  =  tlie  act  of  sifting  from ;  hence,  cautious 
judgment. 

2.  Concurrence. 

con  —  with,  or  together ;  -ence  =.  act  or  condition  of  ; 
-curr-  comes  from  cur'rere  =  to  run. 

DEFINITION. — The  act  of  running  together  ;  hence,  agree- 
ment. 

3.  Circumvent. 

circum  =  around;  the  root  vent  comes  from  venturn,  the 
supine  of  veni're  =  to  come. 

DEF. — To  come  round  ;  hence,  to  outwit,  to  deceive. 

4.  Profusion. 

pro-  =  forth  ;  -ion  =  state  of;  root  fus  comes  from 
fusum,  the  supine  of  fun'dere,  to  pour. 

DEF. — The  state  of  being  poured  forth;  hence,  great 
abundance. 

5.  Irrepressible. 

ir-  from  in  =  not ;  re-  =  back  or  down  ;  -ible  =  capable 
of  being ;  press,  the  root,  comes  from  pressum,  the  supine 
of  prem'ere,  to  press. 

DEF. — Not  capable  of  being  pressed  down  or  bach 

6.  Incision. 

in-  =  into  ;  -ion  —  act  of;  cis,  the  root,  is  from  cced'ere, 
to  cut.  DEF. — The  act  of  cutting  into. 

7.  Recreation. 

re-  =  again  ;  -ion  =  act  of;  crea're  =  to  create.  Liter- 
ally, the  act  of  creating  again  ;  hence,  recreation  is  applied 
to  amusements  that  renew  our  strength. 


FORMAL   WORD  BOOK. 


. 


51.  Roots 

and  Derivatives. 

Verbs. 

Derivatives. 

a'gere 

)  =  to  do 

act-0r 

en-act 

actum 

f      ag-ent 

Sici-ion 

re-act 

audi're 

}  —  to  hear 

audit-or 

audit-ory 

audi'tum 

ancU&fe 

aadi-ence 

in-aud-ible 

auge're 

)  =to  increase   auth-or 

au-tumn  - 

auc'tum 

)       aug-ment 

auct-ion 

auxili-ary 

cad'ere 

1  =  to  faU 

de-c&d-ence 

cas-cade 

ca'sum 

i       cad-ence 

oc-cas-ion 

casu-al 

cred'ere 

)  —  to  believe 

credul-^«/ 

in-cred-ible 

cred'itum 

f      CTQd-ence 

credul-o?^s 

ciedeTit-ials 

caed'ere 
cas'sum 

)       to  cut 
\  ~  to  Ml 

^e-cide' 
de-cis-ion 

in-cis-ive 
homi-cide 

52.  Roots 

and  Derivatives. 

cap'ere 

)  =  to  take 

capt-^« 

ex-cept-ion 

captum 

)       capt-or 

c&pt-ure 

ac-cept-able 

ced'ere 

)  =  to  go 

se-cede 

suc-cess-ion 

cessum 

f      pre-ce&G 

cow-cede 

ac-cess-ible 

cer'nere 

}=to  sift 

dis-CTet-ion 

con-cern 

cretum 

)       dis-cern 

se-cret-ion 

ex-crete 

clama're 

\=to  call 

ac-clam&t-ion 

de-claim 

clama'tum 

j       clam-or 

pro-clam&t-ion 

re-claim 

clau'dere 

)  .=  to  shut 

m-clus-ive 

se-clud-ed 

V 

clausum 

)       pre-clu&e 

ex-clus-ion 

in-clos-ure 

cres'cere 

\  =  to  grow 

CYesc-ent 

in-crease 

cretum 

f       ^e-crease 

con-cret-ion 

ac-crue 

53.  Roots 

and  Derivatives. 

cur'rere 

!=  to  run 

curr-ency 

cuTS-ory 

cursum 

curr-ent 

con-cuYY-ence 

com'-ier 

di'cere 

!=  to  speak 

contra-diet 

pre-dict 

dictum 

diet-ate 

inter-diet 

e-dict 

ETYMOLOGY. 


89 


Verbs. 

Derivatives. 

da're 

}=  to  give 

ad-dit-ion 

e-dit-ion 

datum 

dat-a 

con-dit-ion 

e-dit-or 

du'cere 

)  =  to  lead 

e-duc-ate 

re-duce 

ductum 

]       de-duct 

in-duct-ion 

co^-duce 

fa'cere 

)  =  to  make 

fact-ory 

in-fect-ious 

factum 

}       fact-or 

per-iect 

ef-fect-ive 

fun'dere 
fusum 

)  =  to  pour 
f  =  to  melt 

con-f  us-ion 
in-f\i.8-ible 

dif-fus-ive 
in-lus-ing 

54.  Roots 

and  Derivatives. 

fer're 

latum 

)  =  to  bear 
f  =  to  carry 

o/-fer 
collate 

transfer 
pro-fie? 

flu'ere 

\  =  to  flow 

tw'flux 

af-ftu-ence 

fluxum 

f      nu-ent 

e/'flux 

con-ftu-ence 

flec'tere 

\=to  bend 

^e-flect 

re-fleet 

flex'um 

J       flex-life 

in-f(.ect-ion 

etrci/m-flex 

fran'gere 

\  =  to  break 

tract-ion 

re-fract 

frac'tum 

I       fra,g-ment 

frag-ile 

m-fringe 

gra'di 

\  —  to  step 

de-grade 

di-gress-ion 

gressus 

}       e-gress 

grad\i-ate 

trans-gress 

habe're 

)  =  to  have 

abil-tYy 

un-able 

liab'itum 

f      able 

dis-a\)le 

in-abil-ity 

ja'cere 

\=to  throw 

e-ject 

de-ject-ion 

jactum 

j       in-ject 

pro-ject 

ofi-]ect-ion 

jun'gere 

)  =  to  join 

con-j\mct-ion 

sub-jom 

junc'tum 

}       junct-ion 

dis-junct-ive 

«c?-junct 

55.  Roots 

and  Derivatives. 

J^ 

jura're 

)  =  to  swear 

jur-# 

con-juie 

jura'tum 

f      jur-or 

i   ab-jure 

ad-jure 

le'gere 

lectum 

)  =  to  read 
}  =  to  gather 

leg-ible 
collect 

c-lect' 
-se-lect-eow 

90 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


Verbs. 

Derivatives. 

leva're 

)  —  to  raise 

lev-ee 

e-levat-ion 

leva'tum 

j       leav-en 

lev-er 

\ev-y 

liga're 

)  =  to  bind 

ob-lige 

liga-ment 

ligatum 

j       ob-lig-ate 

al-\i'ance 

ligat-ure 

lo'qui 

\=to  speak 

col-loqui-al 

loquaci-o?^ 

locu'tus 

j       e-loqii-ence 

loqnac-ity 

soli-loqny 

mit'tere 

\  =  to  send 

re-miss-ion 

re-mitt-ance 

missum 

f       mias-ive 

dis-miss-al 

inter-mitt-ent 

move're 

)  =  to  move 

mob-ile 

re-mov-al 

mo'tum 

)       mot-ion 

mom-ent 

e-mot-ion 

/ 

56.  Roots  and  Derivatives. 

mtita're 

)=to  change 

im-mut-able 

trans-mute 

muta'tum 

}       mutat-ion 

com-mutat-ion 

per-mutat-ion 

nas'ci 

\  =  to  be  born 

nat-ion 

nas-cent 

na'tus 

j       nat-ive 

nat-al 

*co-g-nate 

nec'tere 

I  =  to  bind 

an-nex-ation 

con-nect-ion 

nexum 

)       #ft-nex 

con-nect 

dis-co  n-nect-i  i  'e 

nos'cere 

)  =  to  know 

notori-ous 

*recog-nize 

notum 

)       not-ion 

notice-able 

*recog-nit-ion 

ora're 

)  =  to  speak 

orat-ion 

ad-oxe 

ora'tum 

J       orat-or 

ora-cle 

ad-OT-able 

ori'ri 

)  =  to  rise 

oii-gin 

ori-gin-al 

ortus 

)       (m-ent 

on-ent-al 

ori-gin-ate 

pan'dere 

\  =  to  spread 

ex-panse 

corn-pass 

pansum 

)       expand 

ex-pan-sion 

sur-pass 

para're 

)  =  to  make  ready 

pre-pare 

re-pair 

para'tum 

f      par-ade 

corn-pare 

se-par-ate 

pel'lere 

\  =  to  drive 

ex-piils-ion 

re-pel 

pulsum 

f       dis-pel 

corn-puls-ion 

pro-pell-er 

Old  forms,  QUO*?}  and  gnoscert '. ;  hence  con  bocomc1'-  co. 


ETYMOLOGY. 


91 


57.  Roots  and  Derivatives. 


Verbs. 

pende're    }=to  hang  up 

Derivatives. 

im-pend. 

sus-pens-ion 

pensum      )  =  to  weigh 

ap-pend. 

com-pend-ium 

pen'dere     )  •=.  to  pay  ;  to  think 

pens-ive 

e^-pend 

pen'snm     1       pens-ion 

pens-ion 

dis-pense 

C  pet'ere       }=to  seek 
\_peti'tum    )  =  to  ask 

petit-low 
com-pete 

re-peat 
com-petit-or 

pliea're      )  =  to  fold 

corn-ply 

du-plic-ate 

plica'  turn  )       tri-ple 

ap-plj 

com-p\ic-at-ed 

ple're         \=to  fill 

com-p\et-ion 

com-ple-ment 

pletum       )       de-p\ete 

re-plet-ion 

un-com-plet-ed 

pon'ere      )  =  to  place 

sup-pose 

ap-posit-ion 

pos'itum    )       posiWow 

op-pose 

com-posit-ion 

porta're     )  =  to  carry 

ex-port' 

trans-port' 

porta'tum  i       port'e/* 

im-port' 

re-port' 

58.  Roots  and  Derivatives. 


pos'se           ) 

=  to  ~be  able 

potent-ial 

poss-ible 

po'tens          f 

pot-ent 

pot-enci/ 

im-poss-ible 

proba're       ) 

—  to  prove 

probat-ion 

ap-prov-al 

probatum      f 

prob-able 

ap-prob&t-ion 

dis-ap-prove 

pun'gere       ) 

—  to  prick 

punct-ure 

punctuat-io^ 

punctum       j 

pung-ent 

ex-pnnge 

poign-ant 

puta're         ) 

=  to  think 

im-pu.te' 

putat-n-e 

puta'tum       f 

=  to  reckon 

com-pute' 

«c-count 

prehen'dere  ) 

=  to  seize 

apprehend 

re-prehend 

prehen'sum  j 

prehens-i7e 

com-prehend 

ap-prent-ice 

prem'ere       | 

=  to  press 

com  -press 

re-press-ion 

pressum        f 

press-ure 

im  -press 

ex-press-ive 

,xqu8er'er8       ) 

=  to  seek 

quer-ist 

in-quire 

1  x\  quaesi'tum     f 

=  to  ask 

quer-?/ 

a 

m'-quest 

NOKMAL   WOBD   BOOK. 


59.  Roots  and  Derivatives. 


Verbs. 

Derivatives. 

rap'ere 

) 

=  to  snatch       rapac-ity           rav-ish 

rap'tum 

1 

r&p'ine 

W 

Tapa-cious 

rapt-ure 

reg'ere 

)  =  to  rule 

re-gion 

di-rect 

rec'tum 

I 

reg-ent 

reign 

e-rect 

ride're 

) 

=  to  laugh 

ris-i-ble 

de-ride 

ri'sum 

f 

rid-i-cule 

ri-dic-u-lous 

de-ris-ive 

roga're 

i 

=: 

to  asJc 

inter-roga'tive 

ar-rog-ate 

roga'tum 

interrogate 

inter-rog'at-ive 

super-er'oga-tion 

rump  'ere 

i 

sr 

•  to  break 

e-rupt-ion 

ab-rupt 

rup'tum 

f 

rupt-ure 

dis-rupt-ion 

bank-rupt 

scan'dere 

) 

-— 

to  climb 

de-seen^ 

de-scend.-ant 

scan'sum 

i 

a  scend' 

tran-scend 

tran-scend-ent 

sci're 

i 

— 

to  know 

sci  entific 

om-ni'sci-ent 

sci'tum 

1 

sci-ence 

con-sci-ence 

pre-sci-ence 

ser  ib  'ere 

i 

zs 

to  write 

sub-scribe 

post-script 

scrip'tum 

f 

script-ure 

pro-scribe 

circum-scribe 

60.  Roots 

and  Derivatives. 

seca're 

) 

=  to  cut 

fe-sect' 

in'-sect 

sec'tum 

f 

sect'-ion 

bi-sect' 

inter-sect 

sede're 

I 

=  to  sit 

sess-ion 

super-se&e 

ses'sum 

1 

pre-si&e 

as-sess-or 

sed-ent-ary 

sen  ti're 

1 

=  to  feel 

dis-sent 

as-sent 

sen'sum 

I 

=  to  think 

con-sent 

BGTLS-ible 

sequi 

} 

=  to  follow 

seqa-el 

con-secut-ive. 

se  cu'tus 

f 

scqi\-ence 

con-seqa-ence  snb-sequ-ent 

ser  vi're 

) 

=  to  serve 

serv'-^7e 

sub-scr\-ient 

Her  vi'tum 

1 

SGTv-ant 

serf 

ser  va're 

i 

—  to  save 

j??re-serve 

con-serv-atory 

ser  va'tum 

1 

re  serve 

cow-  serve 

ob-verv-atory 

sol've  re 

) 

=  to  loosen 

c?is-solut-ion 

ab-sol\e 

L 

so  lu  'turn 

f 

e/?'*-solve 

re-solve 

soh\-ble 

\.  A.\T  W 

Ox)  — 


ETYMOLOGY. 


cf 
61.  Roots  and  Derivatives. 


Verbs. 

Derivatives. 

\s 

sis'tere          ) 

=  to  stand        con-sist 

per-sist 

sta'tum         j 

as-sist            in-sist 

re-sist 

/ 

sta're            | 

=  to  stand        stat-ute 

stat-ion  ^ 

sta'tum         ( 
spi  ra're       ) 

sta-ble            stat-ure 
=  to  breathe      ez-pire 

con-stant 
per-spire    ( 

spira'tum      f 

in  spire         ^5-pire 

tran-spire 

strin'gere     ) 

=  to  draw  tight  strict-wre 

con-strain 
/     ^^4y 

stric'tum       f 

string-ent      re  strain 

<re-strict 

stru'ere        } 

.y< 

i=  to  build         obstruct       '  struct-wre 

struct'um      j 

con-strnct     jn-strnct 

in-str  net-ion 

su'me  re       ] 

=  to  take           re-sume 

pre-snme 

sump'tum     j 

<M-sume         cow-smne 

62.  Roots  and  Derivatives. 

-u 

tan'gere        | 

=  to  touch         tang-ent 

in-tact' 

tac'tum         j 

tang-ible        con-tact 

con-tag-ious    g 

ten'dere        ) 

=  to  stretch       dis-tend 

pre-tend. 

ten  'sum        f 

e^-tend          tens-ion 

at-tend-ant 

tene're          ) 

=  to  hold           ten-able 

sus-tain 

ten'tum        f 

ten-ant          re-tain 

con-tain 

tra'here        } 

=  to  draw         dis-tract 

con-tract 

trac'tum       j 

tract-able      sub-tract 

de-tract 

tribue're       ) 

—  to  give           at-trib-ute 

dis-tribnt-ion 

tribu'tum     j 

trib-ute         con-trib-ute 

re-tribnt-ion 

tru'dere        ) 

=  to  thrust        in-trud-er 

abs-trnse 

tru'sum         f 

j^ro-trude      in-trus-ion 

ob-trus-ive 

63.  Roots  and  Derivatives. 

va'dere         ] 

=  to  go              in-vas-ion 

e-vade 

vas'um          f 

e-vade           per-va&e 

e-vas-ion 

ve'here         ) 

=  to  carry        vehe-ment 

tw-veigh 

veo'tum        f 

\ehi-cle         in-vect-ive 

con-vey 

^  -  OuiX  ,V  : 

OJwJ               >X  \A>''^ 

94 


KOKMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


Verbs. 

veni're 

Derivatives. 

|  =  ^o  come          inter-vent-ion  circum-vent 

ven'tum 

f       convene        con-veut-ion   super-vene 

ver'tere 

) 

— 

to  turn          rfi'-vert' 

re-verse' 

ver'sum 

1 

«-vert            cow-vert' 

re-vert' 

vide're 

| 

=: 

to  see             ad-vise 

pro-vide 

vis'um 

f 

vis-ion           re-vis-ion 

super-vis-ion 

vin'cere 

I 

= 

to  conquer     vict-ory 

con-vict-ion 

vic'tum 

f 

vict-or           cow'-vict 

cow-vince 

viv'ere 

} 

— 

to  live           vivi-fy 

con-vivi-al 

^\j    vic'tum 
voca're 

f 
i 

— 

re-vive           swr-vive 
to  call            con-voke 

viva-clous 
in-voke 

voca'tum 

j 

voc&t-ion      re-voke 

pro-voke 

vol'vere 

1 

m: 

to  roll           e-volut-?*ow 

re-volut-ion 

volu'tum 

1 

re-volve         in-volu.t-ion 

con-volut-ion 

64.  Verb-Roots. 

Take  up 

each  root  and  let  the  pupils  give,  orally,  as  many 

derivatives 

as 

possible.     Afterward  require  written  lists. 

f  .        ama're 

— 

to 

love. 

fu'ge  re 

=  to  flee. 

an'ge  re 

= 

to 

vex. 

gig'ne  re 

=  to  beget. 

can'e  re 

— 

^0 

sing. 

has  re  're 

=  to  stick. 

>   ere  a're 

— 

fa 

create. 

ju  di  ca're 

=  to  judge. 

'jjUioV^  cred'e  re 

•=. 

fa 

trust. 

lin'que  re 

=  to  leave. 

cum'be  re 

— 

^ 

lie  down. 

man  da're 

—  to  command. 

di  ca're 
//K  do  ce're 

as 

to 

to 

set  apart, 
teach. 

ma  ne're 
mer'ge  re 

—  to  stay. 
=  to  plunge. 

er  ra/re 

— 

to 

err. 

mi  gra're 

=  to  move. 

fen'de  re 

rrz 

to 

strike. 

mis  ce're 

=  to  mix. 

fer  ve're 

— 

to 

boil. 

mo  ve're 

=  to  move. 

fi'de  re 

= 

to 

trust. 

mon  stra're=  to  point  out. 

fla  gra're 

= 

to 

burn. 

nec'te  re 

=  to  tie. 

flec'te  re 

— 

to 

turn. 

ne  ga're 

—  to  deny. 

^HyKfran'ge  re 

" 

— 

to 

break. 

no  ta're 

=  to  mark. 

ETYMOLOGY. 


95 


65.  Verb-Roots. 


nu  me  ra're  = 

to  number. 

sap'e  re       = 

to  taste. 

nu'be  re      = 

to  marry. 

scin'de  re    = 

to  cut. 

op  ta're       = 

to  wish. 

sci're           = 

to  know. 

or  na're       = 

to  adorn. 

spe  ra're      = 

to  hope. 

pan'de  re    — 

to  spread. 

splen  de're  = 

to  shine. 

pa  ra're       = 

to  make  ready. 

spon  de're  — 

to  promise. 

pa'ti 

to  suffer. 

su'me  re      = 

to  take. 

pla  ce're      = 

to  please. 

tac  e're        = 

to  be  silent. 

prem'e  re    = 

to  press. 

va  ca're       = 

to  be  empty. 

rap'e  re       = 

to  snatch. 

va'de  re       — 

to  go. 

ri  de're        = 

to  laugh. 

TO  ra're       = 

to  devour. 

ro'de  re       = 

to  gnaw. 

vel'le 

to  'wish. 

reg'e  re        = 

to  rule. 

va  le're        = 

to  be  well. 

sa  li're         = 

to  leap. 

YO  la're        = 

to  fly. 

II.    NOUNS. 

NOTE. — The  genitive  case  of  the  noun  is  given  whenever  the  root  is 
materially  changed  in  that  case.  As  a  preliminary  oral  exercise, 
teachers  should  require  pupils,  with  open  books,  to  distinguish  pre- 
fixes, suffixes,  and  roots ;  to  define  orally,  by  means  of  the  literal  or 
root  signification  ;  and  afterwards  to  give  the  current  meaning  of  the 
word. 

66.  Model  for  Oral  Recitation. 

annual          =  pertaining  to  a  year  ;  yearly. 

centennial    —  centum  +  annus  +  al  =  pertaining  to    a 

hundred  years. 

manuscript  =  manus  4-  scriptum  =  written  by  hand. 
egregious      =  ex  -f-  gregis  -f-  ous  =  pertaining  to  one  out 

of  the  flock  ;  extraordinary  ;  remarkable  ; 

enormous. 


96 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


67.  Noun-Roots  and  Derivatives. 


annus 

) 

armu-al 

per-Qnui-al 

tri-enm-al 

year 

[ 

bi-ermi-al 

cent-enm-al 

semi-annu-al-ly 

anima 

) 

amm-al 

amm-ate 

re-anim-ate 

life;  soul 

1 

ammal-cule  in-anim-ate 

animus 

ars 

i 

=  art 

artis-an 

arti^e 

artis 

f 

art-ist 

art-less 

art-ful 

ca'put 

=  head 

capit-o^ 

de-capii-ate 

cap'itis 

f 

capit-al 

chap-ter 

capitat-z'ow 

ca'ro 

\ 

=  flesh 

carnat-ion 

in-carn-ate 

earn  is 

f 

carn-al 

cam-age 

carm-i'or-ous 

cen'tum 

i 

centu-n/ 

centu-ple 

cent-enni-al 

a  hundred 

f 

per-cent-age  centipede 

centuri-ow 

cor'pus 

» 

=  a  5o^ 

corpor-ate 

corpus-cfe 

cor'poris 

f 

corpor-o/ 

corpu-lent 

cors-e^ 

68.  Noun-Roots 

and  Derivatives. 

cor 

) 

=  the  heart 

cordi-aZ 

«c-cord-ance 

cordis 

1 

core 

cour-a^e 

dis-cord-ant 

crux 

) 

=  a  cross 

cruci^ 

ex-cruci-at-ijig 

crucis 

[ 

CTVLGl-fy 

eruei-dfo 

ci-nci-form 

cura 

) 

cura-^or 

ae-cui-ate 

care-less 

care 

I 

sme-cure 

in-ac-cm-ate 

care-less-ly 

dens 

!' 

=  a  tooth 

dent-ist 

dent-it-ion 

dentis 

dent-aZ 

dent-ist-ry 

in-dent-ed 

dominus 

) 

domin-io/i 

domin-ate 

pre-domiu-ant 

lord;  master 

t 

Aomin-ant 

domin-eer 

pre-domiu-a?ic6 

fi'nis 

i 

fin-ite 

in-nn-it-ive 

fin-al-ly 

end;  limit 

f 

in-nn-ite 

fin-ish 

de-Ru-  it-ion 

fi'des 

Mel-ity 

dif-fid-ent 

in-fid-el 

faith 

I 

cow-fide 

feal-ty 

per-nd-y 

flos 

1 

=  a  flower 

flo-ra/ 

ftor-ist 

flo'ris 

s 

flo-ra 

flor-iW 

flow-er 

ETYMOLOGY. 


Roots. 

for'ma 

shape 


form-al 
form-ula 


Derivatives. 

con- form. 
per-foTm 


re-form 
trans-form 


69.  Noun-Roots  and  Derivatives. 


grex 

I 

=  a  flock 

se-greg-ate 

con-greg&t-ion 

gregis 

i 

greg-arious 

e-gregi-ous 

ag-gregat-ion 

ge'nus 

i 

=  a  kind 

gen-der 

genu-ine 

gen'eris 

t 

gener'-ic 

gener-« 

con-geni-al 

ho'mo 

l 

=  a  man 

hum-awe 

era-human-Zy 

hom'inis 

i 

hum-an 

human-tYy 

human-t^ 

hos'pes 

l 

=  a  host 

ho-^e^ 

hospit-^^ 

hos'pitis 

i 

=  a  guest 

host-fer 

hospit-«J/e 

lex 

1 

=  law 

t'Meg-al 

legitimate 

legis 

\ 

leg-al 

legis-fe^e 

legislat-wre 

litera 

) 

litQY-al 

o7-literat-«wi 

oJ-liter-a^ 

letter 

1 

liter-ary 

t^-liter-crffl 

literat-^^re 

locus 

) 

loc-al 

loc-a^e 

^'-locate 

a  place 

1 

local-ity 

loco-mo^u'e 

col-loc&t-ion 

ma'nus 

\ 

manu  a? 

manu-fact-ures 

man-a-cle 

hand 

i 

manu-script 

mam-ten-ance 

main-tain 

mors 

mortis 

men'sura 

measure 

no'men 

nominis 

pars 

partis 

pes 

pedis 


70.  Noun-Roots  and  Derivatives. 

death  mortu-ary     morti-fy 

mort-al  mur-der         mort-gage 

mensura-tion       di-mens-ions  measure-men  f 


com-niensur-able  im-mense 

im-measur-able 

a  name                 nom.in.-ate 

cog-nomen 

nomin-al             pro-noun 

pro-nomin-al 

a  part                  pari-ner 

partis-an 

pars-ing               part-ial 

par-eel 

foot                     pedtes-tal 

centi-pede 

ped-al                  pe&es-trian 

bi-ped 

98 


XOKMAL    WORD   BOOK. 


Roots. 

Derivatives. 

poe'na          ) 

penal 

pen-ance 

re-pent-ance 

punishment  ) 

penaWy 

-peni-tent 

5wJ-poe'na 

tes'tis           ) 

testi-fy 

testament 

attest 

witness         f 

testi-mony 

testat-or 

pro-test 

vo'tum         | 

votary 

de-vote 

devout 

a  vow           ) 

vot-ive 

de-vot-ee 

«-vow 

71.  Blank  Book  Work. 

Keqnire  pupils  to  collect  and  write  out  under  each  root 
as  many  words  as  possible. 


a'ger  (a'gri) 

=  field.             ig'nis 

=  fire. 

ar'ma 

=  iveapons. 

lac  (lac'tis) 

—  milk. 

ars  (ar'tis) 

—  art. 

li'ber 

=  book. 

ar'tus 

=  a  joint. 

lin'gua 

=  tongue. 

au'ris 

=  ear. 

lo'cus 

=  place. 

a'vis 

=  bird. 

lux  (lu'cis) 

=  light. 

a'qua 

=  water. 

lu'na 

=  moon. 

bel'lum 

=  war. 

ma're 

=  sea. 

ca'lor 

=  heat. 

ma'ter 

=  mother. 

ca'ro  (car'nis) 

=  flesh. 

mons 

=  mountain. 

car'rus 

=  wagon. 

mos  (mo'ris) 

=  custom. 

ci'vis 

=  citizen. 

mens  (men'tis)=  mind. 

cor'pus 

=  a  body. 

mi'les 

=  soldier. 

char'ta 

=  a  paper. 

mod'us 

=  manner. 

cir'cus 

=  circle. 

na'vis 

=  ship. 

crux  (cru'cis) 

=  cross. 

nor'ma 

=  rule. 

de'us 

=  a  god. 

op'us 

=  work. 

di'es 

=.  day. 

oc'u  lus 

=  eye. 

flam'ma 

=  flame. 

OS 

—  bone. 

fra'ter 

=  brother. 

pars  (par'tis) 

=  part. 

fu'mus 

=  smoke. 

pax  (pa'cis) 

=  peace. 

hu'mus 

=  earth. 

pre'ti  urn 

=  price. 

ETYMOLOGY. 


99 


pa'ter 
ro'ta 

so'nus 

so'por 

stel'la 

tem'pus 

ter'ra 

ter 'minus 


father, 
wheel. 

um'bra 
un'da 

sound. 

urbs 

sleep. 

vac'ca 

star. 

ven'tus 

time. 

ver'mis 

earth. 

ves'tis 

limit. 

ver'bum 

shade. 

wave. 

city. 

cow. 

wind. 

worm. 

garment. 

ivord. 


III.  ADJECTIVES   AND  ADVERBS. 
72.  Roots  and  Derivatives. 


Boots. 

se'quus 

equal 

cla'rus 

clear 

for'tis 

strong 

li'ber 

free 

rnem'or 

mindful 

mag'nus 

great 

ma'le 

ill 


nov'us 

new 

sat'is 

enough 


Derivatives. 

equ.i-nox 

e-qvta-ble 

clear-ance 

clari-cw 

forti-fy 

forti-tude 


equat-or 

equat-ion 

clari-fy 

clear-ness 

fort 

forte 

liber-ate 

lil)er-at-ion  il-liber-al-ly 

memor-y      re-member 

memor-able  re-merabr-ance 

magni-^      magn-anim-ous 

magni-tude  magm-jic-ence 

male-vo-lent  male-dict-ion 

male-fact-or  mal-con-tent 

73.  Roots  and  Derivatives. 


e-qui-vocate 

de-clare' 

de-clar-at-ive 

forc-ible 

re-en-force 

liber-ty 

de-liver-ance 

memor-andum 

memento 

majesty 


nov^c6 
nov-el 


in-uov-at-ion 
re-nov-ate 
sati'-ety 
satis-faction 


m&l-apropos 
mal-form-ation 


nov-el-ist 
nov-el-ette 
in-sati-ate 
dis-satis~fy 


100 


NORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


Roots. 

sol'iduB 

firm;  hard 

tres 

three 

u'nus 

one 

va'gus 

wandering 

be'ne 

well 

bis,  bi 

twice;  two 


Derivatives. 


sold-er 

tri-o 

tyin-ity 

nm-t 

uni-^0 

vagr-ant 

vaga-bond 

loene-fact-or 


bi-sect 
ki-ped 


um-on 

dis-uni-on 

vague-ness 

vag-ary 

bene-fit 


lois-cuit 
\)i-valve 


\m-anim-ous 
extra-vag-ant 
extra-vag-ance 
loene-vol-ent 


bi-ennial 
})i-cuspid 


74.  Word  Exercise. 

NOTE. — Take  each  root  separately,  and  let  the  class  give  orally 
as  many  derivatives  as  possible.  Afterwards  require  each  pupil  to 
make  out  a  written  list. 


al'tus 
as'per 
brev'is 
cru  dus 
du  rus 
de  cem 
dig  nus 
du  o 
fac'i  lis 
firm  us 
grav  is 
lax  us 
lev  is 
mi  nor 


high. 

ma'jor 

= 

greater. 

rough. 

mol  lis 

= 

soft. 

short. 

mul  tus 

= 

much. 

raw. 

neu  ter 

— 

neither. 

hard. 

om  nis 

= 

all. 

ten. 

pie  nus 

— 

full. 

worthy. 

plus 

= 

more. 

two. 

quat  u  or 

= 

four. 

easy. 

sex 

= 

six. 

firm. 

sep  tern 

= 

seven. 

heavy. 

sua  vis 

= 

sweet. 

loose. 

ve  rus 

= 

true. 

light. 

vet  us 

= 

old. 

less. 

vi'lis 

^ 

base. 

ETYMOLOGY. 


101 


75.  Anglicized  Latin  Nouns. 

Adopted  into  English  without  change  of  spdling. 
Eequire  the  plural,  if  any,  and  the  definition. 

max'imum        scintil'la 

min'imum        sta'tus 

o'dium 

oppro'brium 

pab'ulum 

pen'dulum 

pre'mium 

ra'dius 

reg'imen 

rega'lia 

re'quiem 


aca'cia 

acan'thus 

are'na 

an'imus 

an'imal 

acu'men 

adden'dum 

allu'vium 

cer'ebrum 

curric'ulum 

cra'nium 

detri'tus 

empo'rium 

enco'mium 

fari'na 


ge'mus 

hon'or 

in'cubus 

ignora'mus 

in'terim 

interreg'num 

la'bor 

lan'guor 

lam'ina 

manda'mus 

momen'tum 

memoran'dum  spec'ulum 

minu'tiae  speculator 

mod'icum  stra'tum 

millen'nium       stra'tus 


spe'cies 

se'ries 

se'rum 

se'nior 

sim'ile 

stim'ulus 

tu'mulus 

ter'minus 

tribu'nal 

tym'panum 

vin'culum 

vac'uum 

ver'tebra 


76.  Words  of  Romanic  Origin. 

Chiefly  from  the  Italian  and  the  Spanish. 
Require  a  definition,  referring  pupils  to  the  dictionary. 


alcal'de 

buffoon' 

car'icature 

garrote' 

arma'da 

cam'eo 

canta'ta 

gazelle' 

ambuscade' 

can'nibal 

despera'do 

guerril'la 

al'ligator 

com'modore 

embar'go 

har'lequin 

brava'do 

cu'pola 

fil'igree 

macaroon' 

bandit'ti 

cor'ridor 

fili'buster 

macaro'ni 

burlesque' 

char'latan 

flotil'la 

mantil'la 

barricade' 

cas'tanet 

fandan'go 

me  ri'no 

bagatelle' 

coch'ineal 

gazette' 

mosqui'to 

102 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


molas'ses 

punctil'io 

pimen'to 

stilet'to 

mulat'to 

provi'so 

par'a  sol 

torna'do 

mustache' 

por'tico 

regat'ta 

umbrel'la 

op'era 

poltroon' 

sopra'no 

vermicel'li 

pantaloons' 

pia'no 

sas'safras 

vanil'la 

peccadil'lo 

piaz'za 

stu'dio 

volca'no 

77.  Monosyllables  of  Romanic  Origin. 

Coming  into  English  through  French. 


aid 

couch 

gain 

hue 

oust 

aim 

count 

garb 

join 

piece 

bail 

crape 

gauze 

juice 

pique 

chair 

cream 

gleam 

lace 

quart 

chaise 

cue 

gorge 

lease 

quit 

chance 

dame 

gouge 

league 

quite 

change 

daunt 

grape 

liege 

reign 

chant 

dress 

grease 

lieu 

rout 

charge 

due 

grief 

mail 

route 

charm 

faint 

guard 

main 

ruse 

chase 

fair 

guide 

marque 

rouge 

chat 

farce 

guise 

moist 

taunt 

check 

feign 

haunch 

munch 

tour 

chief 

fierce 

haunt 

niche 

view 

coach 

foist 

hearse 

niece 

vein 

coin 

frieze 

heir 

noise 

veil 

SECTION    VI. 
I.    CURRENT    WORDS    OF    FRENCH    ORIGIN. 

NOTE. — The  following  words  have  come  into  use  in  English  speech 
through  the  French  and  Norman  French,  though  many  of  them  were 
originally  of  Latin  or  Greek  derivation,  and  some  few  of  Teutonic. 


ETYMOLOGY. 


103 


Some  of  these  words  have  become  fully  Anglicized  in  pronunciation 
and  accent ;  others  are  only  partially  Anglicized  ;  while  some  are 
purely  foreign  words.  As  these  words  are  in  current  use  in  news- 
papers and  magazines,  it  is  desirable  that  pupils  should  know  how  to 
pronounce  them  and  spell  them.  Teachers  must  give  the  correct 
pronunciation.  It  is  also  desirable  that  pupils  should  be  required  to 
define  every  word,  and,  as  far  as  practicable,  to  give  the  derivation 
and  root-meaning. 


bal'ance 
brill  iance 
bal  let 
beau  ty 
bis  cuit 
bu  reau 
bon  bon 
cham  ois 
chign  on 
cou  pon 
cous  in 
cogn  ac 
colo  nel 
cur  few 
cui  rass 
chat  tel 


78.    Words  Derived  from  the  French. 

coiffure 

jaun'dice 

pal'ette 

de  pot 

jeop  ard 

por  trait 

en  nui 

jour  ney 

peas  ant 

fau  cet 

lat  tice 

prai  rie 

fra  cas 

lev  ee 

piqu  ant 

flam  beau 

li  en 

pig  eon 

fash  ion 

lei  sure 

pres  tige 

fillet 

laun  dry 

pur  lieu 

fran  chise 

mem  oir 

prov  ost 

griev  ance 

mort  gage 

poign  ant 

gor  geous 

mat  tress 

plain  tiff 

gau  ger 

mis  chief 

pur  pose 

gus  set 

nui  sauce 

rel  ict 

haut  boy 

na  ive 

rai  sin 

hein  ous 

neph  ew 

rea  son 

nar  ass 

par  lance 

re  tail 

79.  Words  Derived  from  the  French. 


saun'ter 

toi  let 

sor  tie 

toi  lette 

sur  feit 

tour  ist 

sir  loin 

ta  pis 

sur  name 

tis  sue 

sur  tout' 

truf  fle 

vas  sal 
vign  ette 
vil  lain 
a  dieu' 
a  chieve 
ac  crue 


a  droit' 
an  tique 
ar  raign 
ba  ton 
ba  rege 
bou  quet 


104 


NORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


bi  zarre' 

che  nille'          con  tour' 

du  ress' 

bi  jou 

ehi  cane           ere  vasse 

e  meute 

bru  nette 

chas  tise           cro  chet 

es  cheat 

ca  bal 

cha  teau           cro  quet 

fa  9ade 

ca  nard 

ehi  mere           cri  tique 

fas  cine 

cha  grin 

eo  quette          co  coon 

fi  nesse 

charade 

cor  net             dev  oir 

fa  tigue 

eham  pagne 

cor  vette           de  tour 

fron  tier 

che  mise 

cor  tege            des  sert 

gri  mace 

80.  Words  from  the  French. 

gui  pure'' 

pla  teau' 

at  ta  ch6 

harangue 

phy  sique 

am  a  teur 

hau  teur 

pla  toon 

chem  i  sette 

hal  loo 

pur  loin 

con  nois  seur 

lorgn  ette 

pur  suit 

chev  a  lier 

main  tain 

quar  tette 

chif  fon  ier 

mi  rage 

quad  rille 

des  ha  bille 

mo  raine 

ra  gout 

ex  po  se 

m61ee 

ro  sette 

em  ploy  e 

par  quet 

re  gime 

es  cri  toire 

par  cjuette 

ra  vine 

et  a  gere 

par  terre 

ra  zee 

es  ca  pade 

pe  tite 

rou  tine 

fric  as  see 

perdu 

re  gime 

flag  eo  let 

pe  lisse 

soir  ee 

guil  lo  tine 

81.  Words  from  the  French. 

gren  a  dier* 

mil  lion  aire' 

non  cha  lance' 

guar  an  tee 

mi  trail  leuse 

neg  li  gee 

im  mor  telle 

min  u  et 

rep  ar  tee 

mat  in  ee 

na  ive  t6 

ri  co  chet 

mign  on  ette 

nov  el  ette 

res  u  m6 

ETYMOLOGY.  105 

av'e  nue  en'tre  p6t  re  plen'ish 

av  a  lanche  pro  te  ge  port  man  teau 

bad  in  age  par  ve  nu  av  oir  du  pois' 

com  plai  sance  ret  i  nue  deb  on  air' 

co  te  rie  rev  e  nue  em  bel'lish 

char  la  tan  res  er  voir  gar'ri  son 

cic  a  trice  ren  dez  vous  gor  mand  ize 

et  i  quette  res  tau  rant  mer  chan  dise 

ep  au  let  co  till'ion  sus'te  nance 

ep  au  lette  re  veil  le  re  con'nais  sance 


82.  French  Words  Current  in  English. 

NOTE. — These  words  retain  the  French  pronunciation,  and,  in 
general,  are  printed  in  italics.  The  correct  pronunciation  must  be 
given  to  pupils  by  the  teacher,  and  also  their  signification  and  use. 


bouil'lon 

mo  rale' 

bon  lio  mie' 

confrere 

mor  ceau 

con  ire  temps 

cafe 

me  nage 

dis  tin  gue 

en  nui 

ma  dame 

de  colle  te 

lacJie 

mon  sieur 

de  none  ment 

gour  mand 

me  lange 

em  presse  ment 

se  ance 

pas  se 

em  bon  point 

bla  se 

pat  ois 

fi  an  cee 

can  aille 

pen  chant 

feu  ille  ton 

cui  sine 

rou  e 

porte-mon  naie 

debut 

sa  vant 

per  son  nel 

dou  ceur 

sa  Ion 

ren  ais  sance 

e  clat 

trous  seau 

re  trous  se 

e  lite 

a  bat  toir 

re  clier  che 

en  tree 

a  ban  don 

rep  er  toire 

106 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


SECTION    VII. 

MISCELLANEOUS    DERIVATIONS. 
83.  Words  from  Historical  or  Mythological  Names. 

Circe  A  fabled  sorceress  who  first  charmed  her  vic- 

circean  tims,  and  then  transformed  them  into  swine. 

Ceres  The  goddess  of  grain  and  tillage ;  hence  the 

cereals  grains  are  called  cereals. 

Dahl  A  Swedish  botanist  whose  name  has  been  given 

dahlia  to  the  flower  dahlia,  indigenous  to  Mexico. 

Eschscholtz  A  botanist  after  whom  is  named  a  yellow 

eschscholtzia  flower  known  as  the  "  California  poppy." 

Mercury  The  god  of  eloquence  and  commerce  ;  hence 

mercurial  mercurial  means  active,  changeable,  full  of 
fire  and  vigor. 

84.  A  Dictionary  Exercise. 

In  a  similar  manner  explain  the  origin  and  meaning  of 
the  following  words  : 


atlas 

galvanism 

mansard 

pasquinade 

augean 

gordian 

martinet 

phaeton 

buncombe 

hy'giene 

maud'lin 

quixotic 

bria'rean 

hector 

mausole'um 

stentorian 

bacchanalian 

hermetical 

macadamize 

saturnine 

calli'ope 

Jesuit 

nicotine 

saturnalian 

camellia 

jehu 

orrery 

tantalize 

cicero'ne 

jovial 

prote'an 

terpsichore'an 

darwinian 

jeremiad 

platonic 

titanic 

epicurean 

lobelia 

plutonic 

voltaic 

eschalots 

lynch-law 

philippic 

volcanic 

esculapian 

martial 

procrus'tean 

vulcanized 

fuchsia 

mesmerism 

palladium 

vandalism 

faro 

magnolia 

pickwickian 

vernier 

ETYMOLOGY. 


107 


85.  Words  from  Names  of  Places. 

Arcadia          A  mountain  region  of  Greece,  inhabited  by 
arcadian  a  pastoral  people ;  hence  arcadian  means 

relating  to  the  simple  delights  of  rural  life. 
Attica  A  part  of  Greece  of  which  Athens  was  the 

attic  principal  city ;  hence  attic  means  pertain- 

ing to  the  delicate  wit,  pure  style,  etc.,  of 
the  Athenians.  "  Attic  salt"  means  sharp 
wit. 

Gascony          A  province  of  France  noted  for  its  boastful 
gasconade  people  ;  hence,  gasconade,  vain  boasting,  or 

"brag." 

Milan  A  city  in  Italy ;  milliner  originally  was  Mi- 

milliner  laner,  a  man  from  Milan  who  imported  into 

England  the  female  finery  made  in  Milan. 
Sybaris  An  ancient  city  of  Italy  noted  for  the  effem- 

sybarite  inacy  and  luxury  of  its  people ;  hence,  a 

sybarite  is  a  devotee  of  pleasure. 

Laconia  The  country  of  the  Lacones,  or  Spartans,  who 

laconic  affected  short,  pithy  answers  ;  hence,  laconic 

means  short,  concise. 

Myrmidons     A  people  of  Greece  who  followed  Achilles  to 
myrmidons         the  siege  of  Troy.     They  were  noted  for 
their  savage  brutality ;  hence,  we  speak  of 
the  myrmidons  of  a  tyrant,  etc. 


86.  Dictionary  Exercise. 
Find  out  the  derivation  of  the  following  words  : 

agate  cambric  cologne  dollar 

currant  crayon  champagne  damask 

copper  cravat  cordwainer  florin 

cherry  calico  cantaleup  fustian 


108 


NORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


guinea 

hessian 

indigo 

italics 

jalap 

jet 

landau 

muslin 


magnet 

punic 

spruce 

meander 

pandour 

sherry 

morocco 

parchment 

solecism 

Olympic 

pheasant 

stygian 

peony 

quince 

tariff 

parian 

rubicon 

tophet 

pistol 

sardine 

topaz 

peach 

sardonic 

worsted 

87.  Dictionary  Exercise. 


From  the  dictionary  find  out  the  origin  of  these  words 


alligator 

dido 

lynch-law 

soldier 

assassin 

dunce 

magnesia 

sarcasm 

artesian 

4emijohn 

mentor 

sycophant 

balmoral 

•ierrick 

madeira 

scrupulous 

bantam 

fuchsia 

pinchbeck 

supercilious 

bankrupt 

gossamer 

promethean 

shibboleth 

billingsgate 

gutta-percha 

prevaricate 

stygian 

bedlam 

gossip 

poltroon 

sarsaparilla 

bohemian 

gypsy 

pander 

spencer 

carronade 

gentian 

pythian 

siren 

caucus 

heathen 

pyrrhic 

turkey 

cmard 

handsome 

quiz 

thespian 

cinchona 

hyacinth 

quassia 

tribulation 

isinglass 

salary 

troglodyte 

SECTION    VIII.— GREEK    WORDS. 

88.  Greek  Roots. 
Root.  Force.  Examples. 

Her  =  air.  «er-ated  #er-onaut 

astron         =  a  star.  astr-al  astr-onomy 

agogeus      =  a  leader.         dem-agogue       ped-ngogue 


ETYMOLOGY. 


109 


Boot. 

autos 

bios 

ballein 

cho'le 

chroma 

chronos 

deka 

demos 

doxa 

ethnos 

gamos 


genea 

gonia 

graphein 

gramma 

helios 

hema 

hex 

hieros 

hippos 

homos 

hydor 

idios 

isos 

kosmos 

kratos 

krites 


lithos 


Force. 

Examples. 

one's  self. 

aw'fo-graph 

au'to-crsit 

life. 

fo'o-graphy 

bio-\ogj 

to  throtu. 

para-bola, 

hyper-bole 

bile. 

choler-ic 

mel&u-choly 

color. 

chroma-tic 

chromo 

time. 

chroni-c\Q 

chrono-meter 

ten. 

deca-logne 

deca-gon. 

the  people. 

demo-crat 

demagogue 

opinion. 

oxtho-dox 

hetero-dox 

race. 

ethno-logy 

ethn-ic 

marriage. 

*bi-gamy 

J>oly-gamy 

89. 

Greek  Roots. 

the  earth. 

^e-ography 

ge-ology 

birth;  race,   genea-logy 

homo-gene-ous 

angle. 

ipolj-goti 

dia-gon-al 

to  write. 

graph  -ic 

tele-graph 

a  letter. 

grammar 

mono-gram 

the  sun. 

helio-tTope 

ap-helion 

blood. 

hemor-rhage 

hemor-rhoid. 

six. 

hexagon 

hexa-m'eter 

sacred. 

hiero-glyphics 

hier-ai'chy 

a  horse. 

hippo-drome 

hippo-pok&miis 

similar. 

homo-geneous 

homo-logous 

water. 

hydro-phobia, 

hydro-statics 

peculiar. 

idiot 

idiom 

equal 

150-ther'mal 

isos'-celes 

the  world. 

cosmo-gonj 

cosmo-politan 

power. 

Siuto-crat 

demo-cracy 

a  judge. 

criti-cise 

hypo-crite 

90. 

Greek  Roots. 

a  stone. 

ft^o-grapliy 

aeT-olite 

science-. 

ge-ology 

astro-logy 

110 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


Root. 

Force. 

Examples. 

lysis 

=  a  loosening. 

aua-lysis 

para-lysis 

metron 

=  measure. 

gaso-meter 

ihermo-meter 

mikros 

=  small. 

micro-scope 

micro-cosm 

nionos 

=  alone. 

mono-toriQ 

mon-arch 

morphe 

=  form. 

dimorphous 

meta-morphosis 

mythos 

=   fiction. 

mytho-logy 

myth-ical 

nomos 

=  law. 

astro-nomy 

eco-nomy 

naus 

=  a  ship. 

naus-ea 

aero-naut 

nekros 

=  dead. 

necro-logy 

nec'ro-mancy 

ode 

=  song. 

mel-ody 

par-ody 

onoxna 

=  a  name. 

a>n-onym-ous 

syn-onym 

orthos 

=  right. 

ortho-graphy 

or'tho-epy 

pneuma 

protos 

psyche 


91.  Greek  Roots. 


oxys 

=  sharp. 

oxy-gen 

oxy-d.izQ 

pan 

=  all 

pan-arama 

pan-t\ieou 

pathos 

=  feeling. 

a-pathy 

patho-logy 

petra 

=  a  rock. 

petri-fy 

petr-oleum 

pherein 

=  to  hear. 

meta-phor 

phos-phor-ous 

phos 

=  light. 

phos-phorus 

photo-graph 

phanein 

=  to  appear. 

phan-tom 

phen-omenon 

philos 

=  a  friend. 

philos-opher 

philo-logist 

phone 

=  sound. 

phon-ic 

phono-graphy 

phren 

=  the  mind. 

frenzy 

frantic 

phrasis 

=  a  saying. 

para-phrase 

phraseo-logy 

physis 

=  nature. 

phys-ics 

phys-iology 

polls 

=  city. 

metrop-olia 

metropolitan 

polys 

=  many. 

poly-pus 

poly-gon 

92.  Greek  Roots. 


breath;  air. 

first. 

soul. 


pneumo-ma 

proto-type 

psycho-logy 


pneum-a-tica 
proto-plasm 
metem-psycho-BiB 


ETYMOLOGY. 


Ill 


Root. 


Force. 

Examples. 

fire. 

/?^r0-technics 

pyre 

to  flow. 

cata-rrA 

rheum 

to  look. 

tele-scope 

micro-scope 

leisure. 

school 

schol-astic 

wisdom. 

philo-sophy 

sophi-stiy 

sphere. 

hemi-sphere 

spher-icity 

a  placing. 

system 

ec-stas-y 

a  placing. 

syn-thesis 

anti-thesis 

art. 

techno-logy 

ipoly-technic 

god. 

atheist 

theo-logy 

heat. 

therm-om'eter 

therm-al 

a  cutting. 

ana-tomy 

epi-t'ome 

93.  Greek  Roots. 


rhein 
scopein 

schole 

sophia 

sphaira 

stasis 

thesis 

techne 

the  os 

therme 

tonios 


tecton 

telos 

thermos 

tones 

topos 

tropos 

typos 

zoon 


94.  Words  of  Greek  Derivation. 

Graphein  =  to  write.    Graphy  =  writing.     Gramma  =  writing. 
Require  the  root  signification  and  the  full  definition. 


builder. 

axchi-tect 

arch'i-^ec^-ure 

end;  distance, 
hot. 
tone. 

tele-phone 
therm-ic 
a-ton-ic 

tele-scope 
therrno-graph 
mono-tone 

a  place, 
a  turning, 
an  impress, 
an  animal. 

topo-graphy 
helio-trope 
typ-ical 
zoo-logy 

u-top-io, 
trop-ic 
typo-gr&phy 
2;oo-phyte 

au'tograph 
bi  og'ra  phy 
au  to  bi  og'ra  phy 
bib  li  og'ra  phy 
chi  rog'ra  phy 
cal  lig  ra  phy 


ge  og'raphy 
his  to  ri  og'ra  phy 
hy  drog'ra  phy 
li  thog  ra  phy 
lex  i  cog  ra  pher 
pho  nog  ra  pher 


ste  nog'ra  phy 
or  thog  ra  phy 
te  leg  ra  phy 
tel  e  graph  ic 
gram  ma'ri  an 
par  al  lei  o  gram 


112  NORMAL  WORD  BOOK. 

ep  i  gram  mafic       ty  pog'ra  phy  bi  o  graph'ic  al 

pho  tog  ra  phy          ty  po  graph'ic  gram  mafic  al 

pho  to  graph'ic         par'a  graph  ist 

95.  Words  of  Greek  Derivation. 

Logos  =  science,  reason,  a  speech,  a  word. 
Eequire  the  root  meaning  and  the  full  definition. 

apol'o  gy  a  pol'o  gize  a  pol'o  gist 

eu'lo  gy  eu'lo  gize  eu'lo  gist 

ge  ol'o  gy  ge  ol'o  gize  ge  ol'o  gist 

psy  chol'o  gy  psy  chol'o  gize  psy  chol'o  gist 

phi  lol'o  gy  phi  lol'o  gist  phi  lo  log'ic  al 

phy  si  ol'o  gy  phys  i  ol'o  gist  phys  i  o  log'ic  al 

min  er  al'o  gy  min  er  al'o  gist  min  er  a  log'ic  al 

phre  nol'  o  gy  phre  nol'o  gist  phre  no  log'ic  al 

et  y  mol'o  gy  et  y  mol'o  gist  et  y  mo  log'ic  al 

or  ni  thol'o  gy  or  ni  thol'o  gist  or  ni  tho  log'i  cal 

en  to  mol'o  gy  en  to  mol'o  gist  en  to  mo  log'ic  al 

chro  nol'o  gy  chro  nol'o  gist  chro  no  log'ic  al 

ich  thy  ol'o  gy  me  te  or  ol'o  gy  psy  cho  log'ic  al 

tech  nol'o  gy  pa  thol'o  gy  ge  o  log'ic  al 

96.  Words  of  Greek  Origin. 

Many  of  these  words  have  come  into  English  through  the  Latin. 
Require  either  a  synonym  or  a  definition  of  each  word.  Let  the 
pupils  use  the  dictionary. 

alms  chord  choir  fame 

air  chrome  chart  gnome 

arc  chyme  crypt  hymn 

ache  chyle  cone  lobe 

blame  chrism  cyst  lyre 

balm  chair  clef  lymph 

base  chasm  disc  nymph 


ETYMOLOGY. 


ac'me 
arc  tic 
as  tral 
ath  lete 
ar  chives 
asth  ma 
ax  is 
ba  sis 
caus  tic 
col  ic 
con  ic 
cli  mate 
cli  max 
cyn  ic 
cha  os 
chron  ic 


oys'ter 
ox  ide 
ol  ive 
o  zone 
pa  per 


pyre 

schist 

theme 

plague 

sphere 

throb 

rheum 

sphinx 

thyme 

rhythm 

spasm 

tomb 

rhomb 

style 

tome 

school 

spleen 

tone 

scene 

schism 

type 

scheme 

sylph 

trope 

scope 

sketch 

zone 

97.  Words 

of  Greek  Origin. 

ehro'mo 

eth'nic 

i'dol 

chlo  rine 

em  bleni 

idyl 

cy  cle 

ep  ode 

i  ris 

crys  tal 

fran  tic 

li  chen 

com  ma 

f  ren  zy 

log  ic 

cos  mos 

gas  trie 

mar  tyr 

des  pot 

graph  ite 

ma  cron 

delta 

glu  cose 

mag  ic 

di  et 

gym  nasfc 

meth  od 

dog  ma 

gyrate 

mon  ad 

dra  ma 

geode 

mu  sie 

diph  thong 

ha  lo 

mim  ic 

ech  o 

hec  tic 

mor  pliine 

ep  ic 

her  mit 

no  mad 

e  poch 

hy  drant 

o  men 

e  ther 

hy  dra 

op  ties 

98.  Words 

of  Greek  Origin. 

pan'ic 

pha  rynx 

phthis  ic 

po  et 

pha  lanx 

phos  phate 

pet  al 

phys  ics 

plas  tic 

pars  ley 

pleu  ra 

plan  et 

phan  torn 

pigmy 

pseu  do 

114 

NOIiMAL 

WORD   BOOK. 

pas'on 

skep'tic 

triph'thong 

tro'chee 

rhu  barb 

styp  tic 

ther  mal 

trag  ic 

sa  tyr 

stig  ma 

the  ist 

tra  peze' 

sar  casm 

ster  num 

the  sis 

zeal'ot 

sched  ule 

stom  ach 

tho  rax 

com  ic 

si  pbon 

sto  ic 

tro  phy 

co  ma 

syn  od 

soph  ist 

ty  rant 

crit  ic 

sym  bol 

tac  tics 

ty  phoon 

an  gel 

symp  torn 

top  ic 

ty  phus 

as  ter 

sys  tern 

trop  ic 

ty  phoid 

prob  lem 

syr  inge 

tri  pod 

tro  che 

bap  tism 

99.  Words  of  Greek  Origin. 

ap'o  thegm 

a  zo'ic 

chol'e  ra 

cal'o  mel 

ar  go  naut 

a  or'ta 

chrys  a  lis 

ce  phal  ic 

al  pha  bet 

a  sylum 

cat  a  comb 

di'a  phragm 

aph  o  rism 

a  pos'tle 

era  ni  urn 

di  a  dem 

ax  i  om 

aes  thet  ic 

clin  ic  al 

di  a  torn 

ag  o  ny 

aes  thet  ics 

croc  o  dile 

dy  nas  ty 

an  o  dyne 

an  then  tic 

cyn  o  sure 

di  dac'tic 

at  mos  phere 

bot'a  ny 

co  ma  tose 

dys  pep  tic 

am  nes  ty 

big  a  my 

cos  mic  al 

di  lem  ma 

an  to  crat 

bron  chi  a 

crit  i  cism 

dy  nam  ic 

an  eu  rism 

cat  a  plasm 

cyn  i  cism 

di  plo  ma 

ac  ro  bat 

cat  a  clysm 

cyl  in  der 

e  clip'tic 

as  ter  old 

cat  e  chism 

chi  me'ra 

ec  cen  trie 

at  ro  phy 

char  ac  ter 

cha  ot  ic 

ec  stat  ic 

a  cous'tics 

chlo  ro  form 

chro  mat  ic 

ec  lec'tic 

a  cros  tic 

chlo  ro  phyl 

cos  met  ic 

el  lip'sis 

100.  Words 

of  Greek  Origin. 

e  pis'tle 

eu  re'ka 

ep'i  sode 

ep'i  logue 

ex  ot  ic 

em'pha  sis 

ep  i  gram 

eth  ic  al 

e  nig  ma 

elegy 

ep  i  taph 

ex  o  dus 

ETYMOLOGY. 


115 


ex'o  gen 

ho'  mo  nym 

i  o'ta 

le  the'an 

en  do  gen 

ho  ro  scope 

id'i  ot 

ma'ni  a 

eu  phe  mism 

hy  gi  ene 

id  i  om 

ma  ni  ac 

gan  gli  on 

hy  dro  gen 

i  o  dine 

mas  to  don 

gen  e  sis 

hem  i  sphere 

i  ron  y 

mel  o  dy 

glyc  er  ine 

hec  to  gram 

kil  o  gram 

me  te  or 

gy  ro  scope 

her  e  tic 

lab  y  rinth 

met  a  phor 

hal  cy  on 

hex  a  gon 

log  a  rithm 

mech  a  nism 

her  o  ism 

hyp  o  crite 

lex  i  con 

myr  i  ad 

her  o  ine 

hys  ter'ics 

lit  ur  gy 

mys  te  ry 

hem  or  rhage 

hy  draul  ics 

lie  o  rice 

mon  o  lith 

hec  a  tomb 

hyp  not  ic 

lym  phat  ic 

mon  o  dy 

her  ni  a 

i  de'a 

ly  ce'um 

mi  cro  scope 

101.  Words  of  Greek  Origin. 

ma  chin'ist 

par'al  lax 

pho'to  sphere 

pseu'do  nym 

mo  sa  ic 

par  al  lei 

phar  ma  cy 

pa  py'rus 

mu  se  um 

par  a  site 

pro  to  type 

pho  net  ics 

mi  as  ma 

par  a  gon 

pro  to  plasm 

pneu  mat  ics 

nine  mon  ics 

par  o  dy 

pros  o  dy 

pe  dan  tic 

ne  cro  sis 

par  ox  ysm 

pros  e  lyte 

pro  phet  ic 

ne  pen  the 

par  a  dox 

pyth  i  an 

py  ri'tes 

no  mad  ic 

pan  ere  as 

proph  e  sy 

rhap'so  dy 

ne'o  phyte 

pan  the  ism 

pleu  ri  sy 

rhet  o  ric 

oph  i  cleide 

pan  to  mime 

plat  y  pus 

rheu  ma  tism 

or  ches  tra 

pan  o  ply 

pleth  o  ric 

sel  e  nite 

ox  y  gen 

par  a  ble 

pie  o  nasm 

sem  i  tone 

ob  e  lisk 

pel  i  can 

pol  y  glot 

scor  pi  on 

os  tra  cize 

pen  ta  gon 

pol  y  gon 

skel  e  ton 

or  tho  dox 

pet  ri  fy 

por  phy  ry 

spher  i  cal 

par  a  digm 

phar  i  see 

pyr  a  mid 

soph  is  try 

102.  Words 

of  Greek  Origin. 

syn'o  nym 

syn  co  pe 

sym'pho  ny 

syn  a  gogue 

syn  the  sis 

sym  me  try 

sym  pa  thy 

syc  a  more 

116 


KOKMAL    WORD    BOOK. 


syc'o  phant 

stra  bis'mus     tym'pa  num      anon'y  mous 

syl  la  ble 

tal'is  man         trop  i  cal           a  nal  y  sis 

syl  la  bus 

tet  a  nus           typ  i  cal             a  poc    ry  phal 

syl  lo  gism 

tel  e  scope        trog  lo  dyte       a  pos  tro  phe 

sy  nop'sis 

tel  e  phone       the  sau'rus        a  pos  ta  sy 

sy  rin  ga 

tech  ni  cal        tra'che  a            a  rith  me  tic 

scle  rot  ic 

the  ory              tri  chi'na           as  phyx  i  a 

sphe  roid  al 

trag  e  dy          zo'o  phyte         au  torn  a  ton 

spas  mod  ic 

trag  a  canth     zy  mot'ic           a  ris  to  crat 

sar  cas  tic 

tril  o  bite         a  nath'e  ma       a  nach  ro  nism 

103.  Wcrds  of  Greek  Origin. 

antag'onism 

diag'onal                   empir'ical 

allop'athy 

diaer'esis                    epit'ome 

anom'aly 

dissyl'lable                ephem'eral 

ae'rial 

diphthe'ria                ethe'real 

acad'emy 

demo'niac                  eulo'gium 

antithesis 

diarrhoe'a                  elec'trotype 

antip'odes 

diapa'son                   eupho'nious 

antisep'tic 

diaton'ic                    enthu'siasm 

amauro'sis 

epidem'ic                   gramma'rian 

cat'alepsy 

epiglot'tis                  geom'etry 

crite'rion 

esoph'a  gus               gymna'sium 

catas'trophe 

empyre'an                 hexam'eter 

chame'leon 

ep'ilepsy                    he'lioscope 

chalyb'eate 

epicy'cle                    hec'tometer 

cat'egory 

econ'omy                   hypot'enuse 

calisthen'ics 

ellip'tical                   hip'podrome 

104.  Words  of  Greek  Origin. 

hypoc'risy 

hyper'bole                 isother'mal 

hyste'ria 

hyper'trophy             kalei'doscope 

hypoth'esis 

isos'celes                    monop'oly 

hilar'ity 

iron'ical                     monog'amy 

ETYMOLOGY. 


117 


misan'thropy 

oligarchy 

phlebot'omy 

melo'deon 

olean'der 

phenom'enon 

morphol'ogy 

paren'thesis 

pyrom'eter 

meton'ymy 

parhe'lion 

paregor'ic 

mathemat'ics 

paral'ysis 

protozo'a 

metamor'phic 

periphery 

polyg'amy 

metaphys'ics 

perim'eter 

panegyr'ic 

mon'otheism 

parab'ola 

pneumo'nia 

nec'romancy 

periph'rasis 

polytech'nic 

necrol'ogy 

petro'leum 

stalac'tite 

neural'gia 

philos'ophy 

therapeu'tics 

ophthal'mia 

philan'thropy 

theod'olite 

105.  Words  of  Greek 

Origin. 

analytical 

hieroglyph'ics 

parapherna'lia 

apothe'osis 

homoeop'athy 

paleontol'ogy 

baromet'rical 

homoge'neous 

pandemo'nium 

cyclope'dia 

heteroge'neous 

physiog'nomy 

electric'ity 

idiosyn'crasy 

spermace'ti 

eleusin'ian 

icon'oclast 

stereoscopic 

erysip'elas 

kleptoma'nia 

ste'reotype 

eleemos'ynary 

meteor'olite 

sciat'ica 

epigrammat'ic 

monochromat'ic 

synec'doche 

ecclesias'tical 

monoma'niac 

tautology 

hydroceph'alus 

metaphysi'cian 

typography 

hypercritical 

metempsycho'sis 

trigonom'etry 

hypocrit'ical 

phantasmago'ria 

theolog'ical 

liypochon'dria 

perihe'lion 

tyran'nical 

hippopofamus 

pharmacopoe'ia 

teleg'raphy 

hyperbore'an 

polysyl'lable 

anthropoph'agi 

106.  Interesting  Derivations. 

Bankrupt.     Money-lenders  in  Italy  used  to  sit  on  a  banco, 
or  bench,  in  the  market-place,  and  when  one  of  them  was 


118  NORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 

unable  to  continue  business,  his  bench  was  broken  up,  and 
he  was  called  a  bancrotto,  or  bankrupt. 

Buckwheat,  A  corruption  of  boc-wheat,  i.  e.,  beech -wheat; 
so-called  because  the  kernel  is  triangular  like  a  beech-nut. 

Canard  [canard,  F.  =  a  duck].  A  French  writer,  in 
order  to  test  the  gullibility  of  the  public,  set  afloat  in  the 
newspapers  a  story  that  one  duck  ate  up  nineteen  other 
ducks,  feathers  and  all.  Hence  an  improbable  story  is 
called  a  canard. 

Desultory.  Roman  circus-riders  that  rode  two  horses, 
leaping  from  one  to  the  other,  were  called  desulto'res; 
hence  desultor  came  in  Latin  to  mean  one  who  was  incon- 
stant, or  going  from  one  thing  to  another. 

Good-by.     A  contraction  of  God  be  with  you. 

Grass- widow.  A  grace  widow,  a  widow  by  courtesy ; 
that  is,  one  temporarily  separated  from  her  husband. 

Gooseberry.  A  corruption  of  kraus,  or  gorse-berry.  Gorse 
means  rough,  prickly,  hairy. 

Saunter  [F.,  sainte  terre,  holy  land].  From  idle  persons 
that  roamed  about  the  country,  begging  alms  under  the 
pretence  of  going  on  a  pilgrimage  a  la  sainte  terre,  i.  e., 
Palestine,  or  the  Holy  Land. 

Stalwart  \stael-weortli\  means  worth  stealing.  A  stal- 
wort  yeoman  was  one  worth  stealing,  or  taking  captive  in 
warfare. 

Supercilious.  Haying  an  elevated  eyebrow ;  that  is, 
raised  in  contempt,  or  scorn.  Shakespeare  speaks  of  "  woe- 
ful ballad  made  to  his  mistress'  eyebrow  ; "  woeful,  because 
she  is  supercilious. 

Lady  [A.  S.,  Itlaef-dige,  loaf -server].  One  who  serves 
bread  to  the  family. 

Jerusalem  Artichoke.  A  corruption  of  the  Italian  word 
girasole,  sunflower  ;  called  the  girasole  artichoke  because 
its  flower  turns  to  the  sun. 


ETYMOLOGY. 


119 


107.  Curiosities  of  Derivation. 


coil 
count 
curfew 
dandelion 
debonair 
kerchief 
legerdemain 
madame 
rally 
verdict 
verjuice 
verdigris 
vinegar 

=  con  -\-ligare 
=  con+putare 
=  couvre-feu 
=  dent-de-lion 
=  de  bon  aire 
=  couvre-chef 
—  leger  de  main 
=  mea  domina 
=  re  -\-  ad  +  ligar\ 
=  vere  dictum 
=  vert  jus 
=  viride  ceris 
=  vinum  acer 

to  bind  together, 
to  reckon  together, 
to  cover  the  fire, 
tooth  of  a  lion, 
of  fine  air  or  mien, 
to  cover  the  head, 
light  of  hand, 
my  mistress, 
to  bind  together  again, 
truly  said, 
green  juice, 
green  of  brass, 
sour  wine. 


108.  Hybrids. 

NOTE. — As  a  general  rule  Teutonic  suffixes  and  prefixes  are  joined 
to  Teutonic  root- words  ;  Romanic  to  Romanic  roots,  etc. ;  but  there 
are  some  exceptions.  Words  formed  by  a  combination  of  Old  English 
and  Romanic  elements  are  termed  hybrids.  The  following  are  given 
as  a  few  illustrations : 


I.    English  Words  with  Romanic  Suffixes. 

-ance  hindr-ance  further-ance  forbear-ance 

-age  bond-age  tonn-age  wharf-age 

-ment  ship-ment  lodg-ment  wonder-ment 

-let  stream-let  brook-let  ham-let 

-ess  godd-ess  shepherd-ess  songstr-ess 

-able  eat-able  laugh-able  read-able 

II.   Romanic  Words  with  English  Suffixes. 

-ful     fruit-ful      peace-ful       grace-ful 
-ish 


slav-ish 


Rom-ish 


brut-ish 


120  NORMAL    WORD   BOOK. 

-less  merci-less  passion-less  grace-less 

-ly  intimate-ly  savage-ly  final-ly 

-ness  factious-ness  savage-ness  useful-ness 

-ship  court-ship  apprentice-ship 

III.  Romanic  Words  \vith  English  Prefixes. 


un- 

un-fortunate 

un-equal 

un-aided 

over- 

over-rate 

over-taxed 

over-power 

be- 

be-siege 

be-powder 

be-tray 

under- 

under-value 

under-estimate 

under-prize 

IV.   English   Words  with  Romanic  Prefixes. 

dis-  dis-like  dis-masted  dis-heart-en 

re-  re-light  re-build  re-told 

109.  Double  Forms  of  Words  from  the  Same  Root. 

Explain  the  difference  in  signification. 

balsam  lalm  kill  quell 

captive  caitiff  legal  loyal 

cadence  chance  market  mart 

cattle  chattel  milk  milch 

estate  state  mint  money 

esquire  squire  metal  mettle 

especial  special  person  parson 

engine  gin  penitence  penance 

fantasy  fancy  quiet  coy 

fact  feat  secure  sure 

fragile  frail  scatter  shatter 

fidelity  fealty  school  shoal 

flower  flour  wagon  wain 

genteel  gentle  ward  guard 

history  story  wise  guise 


ETYMOLOGY.  121 

MO.  Dictation  Exercise. 

JT.  Spelling,  Capitals,  and  Punctuation* 

The  imperial  astronomers  of  Chaldea  went  up  almost  to  the  stars 
in  their  observatories ;  but  it  was  a  Greek  who  first  foretold  an  eclipse, 
and  measured  the  year.  The  nations  of  the  East  invented  the  alpha- 
bet :  but  not  a  line  has  reached  us  of  profane  literature,  in  any  of 
their  languages — and  it  is  owing  to  the  embalming  power  of  Grecian 
genius,  that  the  invention  itself  has  been  transmitted  to  the  world. 
The  Egyptian  architects  could  erect  structures,  which,  after  three 
thousand  five  hundred  years,  are  still  standing  in  their  uncouth, 
original  majesty  ;  but  it  was  only  on  the  barren  soil  of  Attica,  that 
the  beautiful  columns  of  the  Parthenon  and  the  Theseum  could  rest, 
which  are  standing  also.  With  the  decline  of  liberty  in  Greece, 
began  the  decline  of  all  her  letters,  and  all  her  arts,  though  her 
tumultuous  democracies  were  succeeded  by  liberal  and  accomplished 
princes. — Edward  Everett. 

II,  Etymology. 

1.  Count  the  words  in  this  paragraph. 

2.  Italicize  the  words  of  Latin  or  Greek  derivation. 

3.  Find  the  per  cent  of  Teutonic  or  Anglo-Saxon  derivation. 

III.  Dictation  Exercise. 

I.    Spelling,  Punctuation,  and  Capitals. 

In  all  its  history  it  has  been  beneficent.  It  has  trodden  down  no 
man's  liberty,  it  has  crushed  no  State.  Its  daily  respiration  is  liberty 
and  patriotism.  Its  youthful  veins  are  full  of  enterprise,  courage, 
and  honorable  love  of  glory  and  renown.  Large  before,  the  country 
has  now,  by  recent  events,  become  vastly  larger.  This  Republic  now 
extends,  with  a  vast  breadth,  across  the  whole  continent.  The  two 
great  seas  of  the  world  wash  the  one  and  the  other  shore.  We  realize 
on  a  mighty  scale  the  beautiful  description  of  the  ornamental  edging 
of  the  bucklers  of  Achilles — 

"  Now  the  broad  shield  complete,  the  artist  crowned 
With  his  last  hand,  and  poured  the  ocean  round, 
In  living  silver  seemed  the  waves  to  roll, 
And  beat  the  buckler's  verge  and  bound  the  whole." 

—Daniel  Webster. 
II.  Etymology. 

~  Find  the  per  cent  of  classical  words. 


122  NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 

112.  Dictation  Exercise. 

Treat  as  in  111  and  112. 

Oh  !  But  he  was  a  tight-fisted  hand  at  the  grindstone,  Scrooge ! 
a  squeezing,  wrenching,  grasping,  scraping,  clutching,  covetous  old 
sinner !  Hard  and  sharp  as  flint,  from  which  no  steel  had  ever  struck 
out  generous  fire  ;  secret,  and  self-contained,  and  solitary  as  an  oyster. 
The  cold  within  him  froze  his  old  features,  nipped  his  pointed  nose, 
shriveled  his  cheek,  stiffened  his  gait ;  made  his  eyes  red,  his  thin 
lips  blue  ;  and  spoke  out  shrewdly  in  his  grating  voice.  A  frosty 
rime  was  on  his  head,  and  on  his  eyebrows,  and  his  wiry  chin.  He 
carried  his  own  low  temperature  always  about  with  him  ;  he  iced  his 
office  in  the  dog-days  ;  and  didn't  thaw  it  one  degree  at  Christmas. 

113.  Dictation  Exercise. 

Two  men  I  honor,  and  no  third.  First,  the  toil-worn  craftsman 
that  with  earth-made  implement  laboriously  conquers  the  earth  and 
makes  her  man's.  Venerable  to  me  is  the  hard  hand,  crooked,  coarse, 
wherein  notwithstanding  lies  a  cunning  virtue,  indefeasibly  royal  as 
of  the  sceptre  of  this  planet.  Venerable  too  is  the  rugged  face,  all 
weather-tanned,  besoiled,  with  its  rude  intelligence,  for  it  is  the  face 
of  a  man  living  manlike.  0,  but  the  more  venerable  for  thy  rude- 
ness, and  even  because  we  must  pity  as  well  as  love  thee,  hardly- 
entreated  brother ! — Thomas  Carlyle. 

114.  Dictation  Exercise. 

Had  the  Plantagenets,  as  at  one  time  seemed  likely,  succeeded  in 
uniting  all  France  under  their  government,  it  is  probable  that  Eng- 
land would  never  have  had  an  independent  existence.  The  noble 
language  of  Milton  and  Burke  would  have  remained  a  rustic  dialect 
without  a  literature,  a  fixed  grammar,  or  a  fixed  orthography,  and 
would  have  been  contemptuously  abandoned  to  the  use  of  boors.  No 
man  of  English  extraction  would  have  risen  to  eminence,  except  by 
becoming,  in  speech  and  habits,  a  Frenchman. — Macaulay. 


FA.RT 


SYNONYMS 


NOTE. — Synonyms  are  words  that  agree  in  their  general  meaning, 
but  differ  in  their  special  application  ;  hence,  a  careful  study  of  their 
shades  of  signification  is  required  in  order  to  secure  accuracy  and 
elegance  in  their  use.  In  the  study  of  the  following  elementary  les- 
sons, pupils  should  be  trained  to  make  use  of  the  Unabridged  Dic- 
tionary. 

I.  Adjectives. 

ancient  Is  opposed  to  modern ;  as,  ancient  ruins  and 

castles. 
old  Is  opposed  to  new  and  young ;  as,  old  things 

and  men. 

antique  Kelates  to  ancient  style  of  art. 

antiquated     To  what  is  old,  and  out  of  date  or  fashion. 

contagious      Means  spread  by  actual  contact. 

infectious       Communicated  in  any  manner. 

corporal  Pertaining  to  the  body  externally  j  as,  cor- 
poral punishment. 

corporeal  Relating  to  internal  structure ;  as,  corporeal 
substance. 

enormous        Out  of  rule  ;  as,  enormous  expense, 
immense         Out  of  measure  ;  as,  immense  expanse. 

everlasting     Means  having  no  end. 

eternal  Having  neither  beginning  nor  end. 


124 


NORMAL   WORD    BOOK. 


general  Includes  nearly  all. 

universal  Includes  entirely  all. 

great  Implies    extent ;    as,    great   barns,    fields, 

lakes,  etc. 

grand  Includes  the  idea  of  greatness  and  supe- 

riority. 
sublime  Expresses  the  highest  degree  of  grandeur. 

human  Pertaining  to  man  ;  it  denotes  what  we  are. 

humane  Kind  ;  it  denotes  what  we  ought  to  be. 

2.  Synonymous  Adjectives. 

handsome  Applies  to  what  is  striking,  grand,  or  noble  ; 

as,  handsome  men,  horses,  etc. 

pretty  To  what  is  small,  delicate,  or  fine ;  as, 

pretty  girls,  flowers,  etc. 

beautiful  Is  a  higher  term  than  either  pretty  or  hand- 

some, and  has  a  wider  application ;  as, 
beautiful  landscapes,  women,  etc. 

impracticable    From  the  circumstances  of  the  case. 

impossible          From  the  nature  of  things. 

inevitable          From  the  nature  of  things. 

unavoidable       From  circumstances. 

indolent  Averse  to  action  of  any  kind. 

lazy  Averse  to  work,  labor,  or  useful  employment. 

ignorant  Lacking  knowledge  or  information. 

illiterate  Lacking  education,  or  the  ability  to  read 

and  write. 

high  Is  opposed  to  low  ;  as,  high  hills,  houses,  etc. 

lofty  Includes  the  idea  of  grandeur  as  well  as 

height. 

noted  Well  known  for  good  qualities. 

notorious  Well  known  for  bad  qualities. 


SYNONYMS. 


125 


primary          First  in  order  of  place  or  rank ;  as,  primary 

schools,  readers,  etc. 
primeval        First  in  order  of  age  ;  as,  "  This  is  the  forest 

primeval." 
primitive        First  in  order  of  time  ;  as,  primitive  customs. 


3.  Nouns. 

Require  pupils  to  illustrate  the  proper  use  of  each  word 
by  constructing  sentences. 


Is  the  act  of  refraining  from  using  at  all. 
Consists  in  the  moderate  enjoyment  of  things. 

One  skilled  in  the  fine  arts,  such  as  painting, 

music,  etc. 
One  skilled  in  the  mechanical  trades. 

Is  the  act  of  putting  into  the  ground. 
Is  the  act  of  burying  with  ceremony. 

Is  the  quality  that  enables  us  to  meet  danger 

bravely. 
Enables  us  to  bear  pain  or  suffering. 

Are  the  established  practices  of  a  people  or 

society. 
Relate  to  the  behavior  of  individuals  toward 

others. 

Relates  to  actions  in  general  in  all  places. 
Includes  particular  actions  on  special  occa- 
sions. 

Lies  in  the  qualities  of  a  person. 
Consists  in  what  is  said  of  a  person. 


abstinence 
temperance 

artist 

artisan 

burial 
interment 

courage 

fortitude 
customs 

manners 

conduct 
behavior 

character 
reputation 

competition    Is  a  struggle  for  superiority  over  others. 
emulation      Is  an  effort  to  imitate  and  equal. 


126 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


doubt  Arises  from  want  of  evidence. 

suspense  Arises  from  want  of  certainty. 

humor  Consists  in  an  amusing  arrangement  of  ideas. 

wit  In  a  brilliant  and  unexpected  combination. 

humor  Is  genial,  and  laughs  with  people, 

wit  Is  cutting,  and  laughs  at  people. 

haughtiness   Springs  from  self-esteem. 

disdain  Springs  from  a  low  opinion  of  others. 


4.  Synonymous  Nouns. 

instant  An  instant  is  the  shortest  conceivable  point 

of  time. 

moment          A  moment  is  a  little  longer  than  an  instant. 

informant       An  informant  is  one  who  tells  anything. 

informer  An  informer  is  one  who  tells  from  interested 
motives. 

inability         Means  lack  of  power  from  the  nature  of  things. 

disability  Arises  from  circumstances,  and  may  be  tem- 
porary. 

impediments  Hinder  progress,  and  must  be  removed. 

obstacles         Stand  in  the  way,  and  must  be  surmounted. 

knowledge      Is  a  general  term  for  whatever  is  known. 

science  Signifies  systematized  or  classified  knowledge. 

killing  Is  the  mere  act  of  taking  life. 

murder  Is  the  malicious  killing  of  a  human  being. 

maxims  Are  evident  truths  in  morals. 

axioms  Are  evident  truths  in  science. 

neglect  Is  the  act  of  leaving  something  undone. 

negligence      Is  the  habit  of  leaving  things  undone. 

name  Is  a  general  term  applied  to  anything. 

appellation     Is  a  descriptive  name  expressing  some  quality. 


SYNONYMS. 


127 


news  May  be  expected  or  not,  important  or  unim- 

portant. 

tidings  Is  applied  only  to  expected,  important,  or 

personal  news. 

pretences        Are  made  to  conceal  the  real  purposes, 
pretexts          Are  given  to  conceal  actions. 

persuasion      Is  the  act  of  affecting  the  feelings  or  will, 
conviction      Is  the  act  of  influencing  the  reason  and  judg- 
ment. 

plenty  Includes  all  that  is  needful. 

abundance      Expresses  the  idea  of  more  than  is  needed. 

pride  Is  based  on  a  high  opinion  of  ourselves, 

vanity  On  a  desire  for  the  good  opinion  of  others. 

truth  Concerns  what  is  said. 

veracity          Concerns  the  person  who  says  it. 

5.  Verbs. 

assent'  "We  assent'  by  an  act  of  the  understanding,  to 

the  views  or  opinions  of  others. 

consent'  We  consent'  by  an  act  of  the  will  or  the 
feelings. 

ask  Is  Teutonic,  general,  and  colloquial. 

inquire  Is  Eomanic  and  specific. 

build  Is  a  general  term  of  Teutonic  origin. 

construct  Of  Eomanic  origin,  means  to  build  with  care 
or  skill ;  as,  we  build  anything ;  we  con- 
struct complicated  machines. 

discover  To  make  known  existing  things  unknown 
before  ;  as,  discover  new  lands. 

invent  To  find  out  by  making  new  combinations  of 

things  ;  as,  invent  printing,  gunpowder,  etc. 


128 


NORMAL   WOKD   BOOK. 


educate  To  develop  all  the  faculties  of  body  or  mind, 

instruct          To  give  information  or  directions. 

equivocate      To  convey  a  double  meaning. 
prevaricate     To  evade  the  question  at  issue  by  false  state- 
ments. 

forbid  To  merely  tell  a  person  not  to  do. 

prohibit          To  forbid  in  a  formal  or  judicial  manner. 

do  Is  Teutonic  and  general ;  we  do  anything. 

perform          Is  Romanic,  and  means  to  do  thoroughly,  or 
to  do  some  particular  thing  or  task. 

should  Implies  the  obligation  of  custom. 

ought  Implies  duty ;  it  is  stronger  than  should. 


6.  Verbs  in  Sentences. 

accent'  Syllables  ;  emphasize  words. 

cry  From  pain  ;  weep  from  grief. 

differ  We  differ  in  opinion ;  dispute  about  differ- 

ences ;  quarrel  after  disputing,  and  fight  to 
settle  quarrels. 

excuse  We  excuse  mistakes  ;  forgive  injuries. 

exonerate  We  exonerate  others  from  blame ;  exculpate 
ourselves. 

esteem  We  esteem  for  merit ;  respect  for  character ; 

honor  for  superiority ;  reverence  for  holi- 
ness. 

enlarge  We  enlarge  by  adding  to  extent  of  surface ; 

increase  number,  bulk,  or  quantity. 

have  We  have  what  we  hold;  possess  what  we  own 

and  have. 

see  We  see  by  merely  opening  the  eyes ;  observe 

by  looking  at  closely. 


antipathy 
aversion 


approbation 
approval 

belief 
faith 

culture 

cultivation 

civility 
politeness 

capacity 
ability 


facility 

fertile 
fruitful 

honorable 
honored 

malignant 
malicious 

peaceful 
peaceable 


SYNONY 


7.  Active  and  Passive 


Is  &  feeling  against. 

Is  an  active  feeling  against,  expressed  by  turn- 
ing away  from. 

A  state  of  feeling  awakened  in  the  mind. 
The  act  of  commending. 

Is  a  passive  acceptance  of  facts  or  truth. 
Is  active,  and  expresses  strong  belief. 

Relates  to  condition  as  the  results  of  improve- 
ment. 
Relates  to  the  act  of  improving. 

Is  passive  courtesy  required  by  custom. 
Is  the  result  of  an  active  desire  to  please. 

Relates  to  the  power  of  receiving  and  holding. 
Signifies  inherent  power  to  do. 

Relates  more  to  the  condition  of  the  doer. 
To  the  readiness  with  which  the  actor  does 
anything. 

Implies  a  condition  capable  of  producing  ;  as, 

a  fertile  soil. 
Signifies    actually    producing ;    as,    fruitful 

fields,  gardens,  etc. 

Worthy  to  be  honored  ;  as,  honorable  services. 
Actually  receiving  honor  ;  as,  honored  heroes. 

Having  malice  ;  as,  a  malignant  disposition. 
Actually  exerting  malice  ;  as,  malicious  deeds. 

In  a  passive  state  of  peace. 
Desiring  peace  ;  as  peaceable  tribes. 


130 


KOEMAL  WOKD   BOOK. 


8.  Active  and  Passive  Synonyms. 

rational  Means  having  the  quality  of  reason  ;  as,  Man 
is  a  rational  being. 

reasonable  Signifies  actually  exercising  reason ;  as,  The 
teacher  made  a  reasonable  request. 

strength         Implies  the  possession  of  power. 

force  Is  power  positively  exerted. 

fortitude         Is  the  passive  power  of  enduring. 

bravery          Is  the  active  power  of  meeting  danger. 

posture  Signifies  a  passive  position. 

attitude          A  studied  position  for  effect. 

unbelief  Is  a  negative  state  of  mind  ;  a  mere  failure  to 
admit  the  truth  of  any  proposition. 

disbelief  Is  a  positive  rejection  of  anything  after  con- 
sidering proofs. 

9.  Synonyms  of  Degree. 

appears          Is  applied  more  to  the  senses ;  as,  The  sun 

appears  through  the  clouds, 
seems  More  to  the  mind  ;  as,  The  story  seems  to  be 

true. 

companions    Are  persons  occasionally  in  our  company, 
associates       Are  our  habitual  companions, 
charge  Means  the  direct  care  of  anything, 

management  Is  the  direction  of  important  business  affairs. 
allow  By  tacit  consent  what  is  not  objected  to. 

permit  By  formal  consent  what  is  asked  for. 

alter  Anything  by  making  it  different. 

change  By  putting  something  else  in  its  place, 

confuse  Means  to  bewilder  the  mind, 

confound        To  stupefy  the  faculties. 


SYNOXYMS. 


131 


definite  Leaves  nothing  to  be  explained  ;  as,  definite 

instructions. 

positive  Leaves  no  room  for  doubt ;  as,  positive  com- 

mands. 

remember       By  a  spontaneous  action  of  the  mind, 
recollect         By  a  specific  effort  of  the  mind. 

glaring  Relates  to  the  thing  ;  as,  a  glaring  lie. 

bare-faced      Relates  to  the  person  ;  as,  a  bare-faced  liar. 

untruth          Merely  a  statement  that  is  not  true. 
falsehood        An  intentional  untruth,  harmless  or  otherwise. 
lie  A  deliberate  falsehood   for  the  purpose   of 

deceiving. 

face  Natural  features  ;  as,  the  human  face  divine. 

countenance   The  expression  of  the  face ;  as,  the  light  of 
your  countenance. 

10.  Synonyms  of  Degree. 

evident  Means  clear  or  plain ;  as,  His  guilt  was  evi- 

dent. 

obvious  Is  unmistakably  evident ;  as,  His  confusion 

was  obvious. 

excite  Means  to  stir  up  the  feelings ;  as,  The  news 

excited  the  people, 
incite  To  urge  on  to  action  ;  as,  The  leaders  incited 

the  mob  to  open  violence. 

forsaken         Means  left  by  others. 
forlorn  Utterly  forsaken. 

defective         Lacking  in  some  respect. 

faulty  Having  something  actually  wrong. 

inhuman         Cruel  from  lack  of  feeling. 
barbarous       Actually  delighting  in  cruelty. 


132 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


reports  Things  said  generally. 

rumors  Flying  reports. 

idle  Means  doing  nothing  at  some  particular  time, 

indolent          Naturally  averse  to  any  kind  of  effort. 

miserable        Relates  to  the  state  of  mind  or  feelings. 
wretched        To    condition   as    regards   external    circum- 
stances. 

pleasure          Is  a  short    state   of    enjoyment    dependent 

mainly  on  the  senses. 
happiness       Is   continued  pleasure   dependent  upon  the 

disposition. 

should  Implies  obligation. 

ought  Very  strong  obligation. 

trifling  Of  little  importance, 

trivial  Of  less  importance. 

repartee          Means  a  witty  reply, 
retort  A  sharp  or  cutting  reply. 

loquacious      Very  talkative. 
garrulous       foolishly  loquacious. 

absurd  Means  without  reason, 

ridiculous       Both  absurd  and  laughable. 

Require  each  pupil  to  add  20  pairs  of  words  to  the  pre- 
ceding. 

II.  Miscellaneous  Synonyms. 

argue  To  adduce  reasons  for  or  against. 

debate  To  interchange  arguments  in  a  formal  manner. 

attack  To  attack  is  to  begin  an  onset, 

assail  To  make  a  sudden  and  violent  attack. 

assault  To  leap  upon  ;  to  assail  vehemently. 


SYNONYMS.  133 

attempt  An  attempt  is  a  specific  trial  to  do. 

endeavor  An  endeavor  is  a  continued  attempt, 

effort  An  effort  is  a  sudden  trial. 

exertion  Is  a  trial  of  full  strength. 

ask  Is  a  Teutonic  generic  term. 

request  To  request  is  to  ask  politely  for  some  par- 

ticular thing. 

beg  Is  used  interchangeably  with  both  ask  and 

request. 

accordingly    Marks  a  natural  connection, 
consequently  Marks  a  logical  connection. 

account  Is  a  general  description  taken  as  a  whole, 

narrative        Is  a  detailed  description  of  a  connected  train 
of  events. 

accuse  To  accuse  is  to  make  a  formal  charge  against, 

arraign  To  accuse  before  a  tribunal  of  justice. 

anticipate       Both  words  convey  the  idea  of  looking  bef ore- 
expect  hand  ;  but  expect  is  the  stronger  term. 

apprehension  Moderate  sense  of  danger. 

alarm  Strong  sense  of  immediate  danger. 

acute  Capable  of  piercing  facts  as  with  the  point  of 

a  needle. 
subtile  Capable   of  spinning    out  a  fine  thread  of 

intricate  thought. 

12.  Miscellaneous  Synonyms. 

adhesion         Is  used  in  reference  to  material  substances. 
adherence       To  principles  of  belief. 

beside  Is  used  only  and  always  as  a  preposition. 

besides  Is  an  adverb,   signifying  "in  addition  to," 

moreover,  beyond. 


134 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


bound  We  are  bound  by  duty  or  contract. 

obliged  We  are  obliged  to  do  things  by  necessity. 

besides  Introduces  an  additional  reason. 

moreover  Introduces  a  supplemental  or  superfluous  one. 

compel  To  force  by  direct  means. 

coerce  To  force  by  indirect  or  by  legal  means. 

cessation  Is  either  a  temporary  or  a  final  stop. 

pause  Is  a  temporary  stop. 

rest  Is  a  stop  for  relief. 

intermission  Is  a  stop  at  intervals. 

mortification  Is  pain  from  wounded  pride, 

chagrin  Is  keen  mortification. 

conceal  Is  merely  not  to  make  known, 

secrete  Is  to  hide  with  extreme  care. 

current  Carries  only  the  single  idea  of  running, 

stream  Conveys  the  idea  of  onward  flow  caused  by 
uniform  force. 

candid  Free  from  reserve  or  prejudice ;   candid  re- 
marks. 

frank  Speaking  without  restraint ;  frank  manners. 

sincere  Speaking  without  untruth. 

13.  Miscellaneous  Synonyms. 

continual  Having  no  interruption  in  time, 

continuous  Having  no  interruption  in  space, 

constant  Admitting  of  no  change, 

perpetual  Having  no  end. 

compare  Things  that  are  somewhat  alike. 

contrast  Things  that  are  strikingly  unlike, 

disdain  Is  indignant  contempt. 

scorn  Is  extreme  disdain. 


SYNONYMS. 


135 


decided  Settled  beyond  doubt ;  applied  to  both  per- 

sons and  things. 

decisive  Is  applied  to  things  only ;  conclusive ;  end- 
ing the  matter. 

design  A  design  is  a  specific  aim. 

intention        Relates  to  the  general  state  of  mind  or  feelings. 

purpose  A  settled  choice  or  determination. 

disposition      Is  a  constitutional  state  of  mind. 
temper  Is  a  variable  state  of  mind  as  regards  the 

feelings  and  passions. 

deist  A  deist  believes  in  God  but  not  in  revelation, 

atheist  An  atheist  disbelieves  in  both  God  and  reve- 

lation. 

delightful       Relates  to  a  state  of  mind. 
delicious         Relates  to  the  state  of  the  senses  in  matters 
of  taste,  touch,  and  smell. 

entreat  To  ask  earnestly, 

beseech  To  entreat  strongly. 

implore  To  beseech  with  fervor, 

supplicate  To  implore  of  superiors. 

enmity  A  hostile  state  of  feeling. 

rancor  Intense,  deep-seated,  personal  hatred. 


14.  Miscellaneous  Synonyms. 

evident  From  being  clearly  proved. 

obvious  Needing  no  proof. 

expect  What  is  likely  to  happen, 

hope  for  What  we  desire  to  happen. 

equivocal  Having  a  double  meaning, 

ambiguous  Apparently  having  two  meanings. 


136 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


fallacy  Is  professed  reasoning  evidently  false, 

sophistry          Is  false  reasoning  skillfully  concealed. 

fervor  Is  a  'boiling  heat ;  fervid  declamation. 

ardor  Is  a  turning  heat ;  ardent  friendship, 

genius  The  power  to  create  ideas. 

talent  The  power  to  use  ideas. 

grace  May  be  a  gift  of  nature, 

elegance  Is  the  result  of  cultivation. 

hinder  "What  is  unfinished  or  uncompleted, 

prevent  What  is  not  begun. 

incapable         From  absolute  want  of  natural  power, 
incompetent     From  a  temporary  lack  of  power. 

impending       Something  hanging  over  us. 
imminent         Something  ready  to  fall  on  the  instant* 

impudence        Is  unblushing  impertinence, 
effrontery         Is  brazen-faced  impudence  in  public. 

15.  Miscellaneous  Synonyms. 

lifeless  Is  applied  to  bodies  capable  of  life, 

inanimate        To  things  not  capable  of  life. 
dead  Is  a  general  term   applied  to  things  both 

capable  and  incapable  of  life. 

murder  The  unlawful  killing  of  a  human  being  with 

malice  aforethought. 

manslaTighter  The  unlawful  killing  of  a  human  being  with- 
out premeditation. 

homicide  The  unlawful  killing  of  a  human  being, 

generally  applied  to  killing  in  self-defence 
or  by  accident. 

motion  Denotes  the  act  of  moving, 

movement        The  manner  of  moving. 


SYNONYMS. 


137 


meaning  Is  a  Teutonic  word  of  general  application. 
We  speak  of  the  meaning  of  words  or  sen- 
tences. 

signification  The  act  of  making  known,  is  a  Eomanic  word 
of  limited  application  ;  as,  The  signification 
of  a  word. 

observance     Is  the  act  of  keeping ;  as,  The  observance  of 

Sunday. 
observation    Is  the  act  of  considering  attentively,  or  some 

remark  made  about  the  result  of  considering. 

pupil  In  connection  with  school,  these  words  are 

scholar  interchangeable.      In    strict    signification, 

pupil  carries  the  idea  of  more  direct  super- 
vision. 

picture  Is  a  general  term  for  any  kind  of  drawing. 

painting         Is  a  representation  by  means  of  colors. 

16.  Miscellaneous  Synonyms. 

pique  A  slight  resentment. 

spite  A  settled  resentment. 

grudge  A  long-settled  ill-feeling. 

rancor  Deep  seated  hatred. 

rage  Is  vehement  and  excessive  anger. 

fury  Is  excessive  rage. 

robust  Having  the  constitutional  ability  to  bear  labor 

or  fatigue. 
strong  Having  power  to  act. 

repeat  Is  to  utter  or  express  a  second  time, 

reiterate         Is  to  repeat  many  times. 

spectator        A  looker-on. 

observer         One  who  looks  on  attentively. 


138 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


sentimental      Implies  an  excess  of  the  sensibilities. 

romantic  An  excess  of  wild  imagination. 

sulky  Having  temporary  fits  of  occasional  ill- 

humor. 

sullen  Having  an  innate  disposition  to  habitual 

sulkiness. 

terror  Is  excessive  fright  or  fear. 

consternation  Is  excessive  and  bewildering  terror. 

terse  Concise  and  elegant. 

laconic  In  the  fewest  possible  words,  with  implied 

incivility. 
concise  Having  only  the  words  necessary. 

usefulness  Teutonic  word,  applied  to  concrete  and  com- 
mon things. 

utility  Romanic,  and  used  in  a  more  general  and 

abstract  sense. 

17.  Defining  by  Means  of  a  Generic  Term. 

Generic  Term— "  Building." 

building         Anything  built   or    constructed,   as    house, 

barn,  etc, 

structure        A  large  and  imposing  building, 
edifice  A  large  and  elegant  building. 

pile  A  large  building  or  a  mass  of  buildings. 

house  A  building  for  shelter,  especially  of  man. 

mansion         A  large,  fine,  and  costly  house, 
palace  A  magnificent  building  for  the  residence  of 

kings  or  nobles. 

church  A  building  for  religious  worship  by  Christians. 

temple  A  magnificent  building  for  religious  worship, 

cathedral        A  building  for  religious  worship,  the  largest 

in  the  diocese,  containing  the  chair  of  the 

bishop. 


SYNONYMS. 


139 


synagogue  A  Jewish  house  of  worship. 

mosque  A  Mohammedan  house  of  worship. 

pagoda  A  pagan  house  of  worship. 

hotel  A  large  building  for  the  entertainment  of 

travelers. 

villa  A  fine  country  house. 

cottage  A  small  house. 

cabin  A  small,  mean  house, 

hut  A  small,  rude  building  for  shelter. 

barn  A  building  for  the  shelter  of  cattle,  or  the 

storing  of  farm  products. 

stable  A  building  for  the  shelter  of  horses, 

castle  A  strongly-built  or  fortified  building. 

barracks  Buildings  for  the  shelter  of  soldiers. 

kennel  A  house  for  dogs. 


18.  Dictionary  Exercise. 

In  a  similar  manner  define  the  following  groups  of  words 


I,  Room. 


chamber 

court 

boudoir 

attic 

parlor 

hall 

dormitory 

garret 

kitchen 

saloon 

nursery 

basement 

apartment 

state-room 

study 

cellar 

office 

closet 

studio 

pantry 

II.  Vessel. 


ship 

corvette 

boat 

steamer 

coaster 

barque 

cutter 

launch 

steamboat 

frigate 

brig 

smack 

wherry 

steamship 

man-of-war 

sloop 

yawl 

scull 

packet 

ironclad 

schooner 

skiff 

canoe 

whaler 

monitor 

junk 


barge          gondola      collier 


ram 


140 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


19.  Dictionary  Exercise. 


Under  the  following  generic  terms  group  from  2  to  10 


words  having  a  somewhat  similar  meaning. 


axiom 

clear 

give 

advice 

draw 

go 

answer 

danger 

God 

apparel 

destroy 

heart 

bind 

equal 

hard 

belief 

fall 

help 

break 

force 

kill 

conduct 

famous 

leave 

law 

speak 

motion 

secret 

mind 

send 

order 

see 

power 

take 

prove 

teach 

play 

work 

skill 

worship 

20.  Discrimination  of  Synonyms. 

[Model  Exercise.] 

1.  Act,  a  single  action ;   Deed,  a  voluntary  act.     Differ- 
ence of  general  and  particular  ;  as,  This  act  of  charity  was 
only  one  of  his  many  good  deeds. 

2.  Force,  active  power  ;  Energy,  inherent  power.    Differ- 
ence  between  external  and  internal ;  as,  He  controlled  his 
associates  by  his  strong  force  of  character  and  his  energy 
of  action. 

3.  Exertion  is  general  and  continued ;  Effort  is  specific. 
Difference  between  general  and  particular ;  as,  He  failed 
after  all  his  exertions,  though  he  made  a  final  effort  of 
great  power. 

4.  Work,  active,  useful  exertion  ;  Labor,  continuous  work. 
Difference  between  occasional  and  habitual ;  as,  Labor  was 
distasteful  to  him,  though  he  sometimes  did  short  jobs  of 
work. 

5.  Task,  set  work ;  Toil,  excessive  labor ;  as,  Our  daily 
tasks  at  school  seemed  light  when  compared  with  our  toil 
on  the  farm. 


SYNONYMS. 


141 


6.  Employment,  specific  work  ;  Occupation,  regular  work. 
This  man  had  no  occupation,  but  he  sometimes  found  em- 
ployment in  doing  odd  jobs  and  chores  for  his  neighbors. 

7.  Business,  general  occupation ;  Pursuit,  specific  occu- 
pation. 

8.  Industry,  habitual  labor ;  Diligence,  earnest  and  sus- 
tained labor,  mental  rather  than  manual. 


21.  Discrimination  of  Synonyms. 

NOTE. — In  the  following  pairs  of  words,  the  first  word  is  of  Teu- 
tonic or  Anglo-Saxon  origin,  the  second  of  Romanic  derivation.  In 
general,  the  words  of  classical  derivation  are  used  in  the  more  formal 
or  more  elevated  styles  of  expression  ;  those  of  Teutonic  or  Anglo- 
Saxon  origin,  in  the  more  familiar  forms  of  speech.  Scientific  names 
and  law-terms  are  generally  of  classical  derivation. 

daily  Both  words  relate  to  day,  but  the  first  is  collo- 

diurnal  quial  and  general ;   the  other  scientific  and 

exact ;  as,  A  daily  paper,   but  the  diurnal 

rotation  of  the  earth. 

fatherly      Difference  as  above.    We  speak  of.  fatherly  care, 
paternal         but  of  the  paternal  mansion  or  name. 

warm          Both  words  have  the  general  idea  of  moderate 
tepid  heat,  but  tepid  expresses  less  than  warm  and 

is  more  definite. 

bequeath    We  may  bequeath  anything  in  an  informal  man 
devise  ner.     We  devise  only  property,  and  by  written 

legal  forms. 

gather         Both  words  contain  the  idea  of  bringing  together, 
collect  but  collect  expresses  more  than  gather ;   as, 

We  gather  flowers  or  fruit ;    we  collect  rare 

shells,  books,  or  paintings. 


142 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


begin  is  the  generic  term  ;  we  begin  anything. 

commence   is  applied  more  formally ;  we  commence  impor- 
tant undertakings. 

knee-pan     is  Anglo-Saxon,  used  colloquially. 
patella        is  Latin,  used  as  an  exact  term  in  anatomy. 

22.  Synonyms — Teutonic  with  Romanic. 

Point  out  the  difference  in  the  application. 


Teutonic. 

Romanic. 

Teutonic. 

Romanic. 

answer 

reply. 

crazy 

insane 

blessing 

benediction 

climb 

ascend 

brotherly 

fraternal 

clothes 

garments 

boyish 

puerile 

darken 

obscure 

bondage 

servitude 

die 

expire 

buy 

purchase 

daring 

audacious 

business 

occupation 

dread 

terror 

building 

edifice 

do 

perform 

backbone 

vertebra 

earthly 

terrestrial 

beginning 

commencement 

eatable 

edible 

behold 

view 

eastern 

oriental 

build 

construct 

enough 

sufficient 

brittle 

fragile 

elder 

senior 

behead 

decapitate 

egg-shaped 

ovate 

cat-like 

feline 

end 

termination 

dried 

desiccated 

guess 

conjecture 

eat 

friendly 

fullness 

food 

fodder 

forsake 

frighten 


23.  Synonyms. 


devour 

amicable 

plenitude 

victuals 

provender 

abandon 

intimidate 


farming 

agriculture 

freedom 

liberty 

father 

papa 

forswear 

perjure 

fleshiness 

corpulence 

fat 

obese 

SYNONYMS. 


143 


Teutonic* 

Romanic. 

Teutonic. 

Romanic. 

friend 

associate 

have 

possess 

folks 

people 

hurt 

injure 

guest 

visitor 

heathen 

pagan 

gift 

present 

hatred 

enmity 

grave 

sepulchre 

hinder 

delay 

guilty 

criminal 

heedless 

careless 

ghost 

apparition 

house 

mansion 

get 

acquire 

happen 

occur 

ham 

bacon 

hard 

difficult 

24. 

Synonyms. 

heavenly 

celestial 

motherly 

maternal 

hearer 

auditor 

mother 

mamma 

hearty 

cordial 

mighty 

powerful 

idle 

indolent 

meaning 

signification 

inborn 

innate 

nose-gay 

bouquet 

keeping 

custody 

overcome 

conquer 

kingly 

regal 

overflow 

inundation 

kindred 

relatives 

overbearing 

domineering 

knowledge 

science 

outside 

exterior 

kind 

species 

outward 

external 

knee-pan 

patella 

overseer 

supervisor 

loving 

affectionate 

ownership 

possession 

living 

existing 

outdo 

surpass 

last 

final 

pick 

select 

likeness 

image 

put 

place 

lucky 

fortunate 

priestly 

sacerdotal 

25. 

Synonyms. 

right 

equitable 

shame 

disgrace 

see 

perceive 

soul 

spirit 

stay 

remain 

shorten 

abbreviate 

144 


NORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


Teutonic. 

Romanic. 

Teutonic. 

Romanic. 

shock 

concussion 

toughness 

tenacity 

strengthen 

invigorate 

tasteless 

insipid 

shun 

avoid 

teachable 

docile 

scatter 

disperse 

threat 

menace 

sweat 

perspiration 

talk 

conversation 

smell 

odor 

therefore 

consequently 

slaughter 

carnage 

unwise 

injudicious 

sugary 

saccharine 

uprightness 

rectitude 

quicken 

accelerate 

weight 

gravity 

timely 

seasonable 

want 

necessity 

true 

veracious 

watery 

aqueous 

26. 

Synonyms. 

weak 

impotent 

wedlock 

matrimony 

woman 

female 

wooer 

suitor 

womanly 

feminine 

wages 

salary 

womanish 

effeminate 

watchful 

vigilant 

wealth 

riches 

welfare 

prosperity 

work 

labor 

witness 

deponent 

workman 

laborer 

whim 

caprice 

workhouse 

alms-house 

wickedness 

iniquity 

woods 

forest 

worship 

adoration 

worth 

value 

wan 

pallid 

worthy 

deserving 

weighty 

ponderous 

wish 

desire 

withstand 

oppose 

wrath 

indignation 

warlike 

hostile 

wordy 

verbose 

warrior 

soldier 

wife 

spouse 

wonder 

astonishment 

wedding 

marriage 

wrong 

injury 

27.  Synonyms. 

Give  a  Teutonic  synonym  for  each  Roman  word, 
intrinsic  opprobrium      par'venu  transform 

irrigate  odium  res'taurant        fumigate 


SYNONYMS. 


145 


languor 

onus 

douceur 

perfume 

nonchalance 

quondam 

madame' 

language 

occult 

requiem 

penchant 

illiterate 

occidental 

brilliance 

denouement 

osseous 

oriental 

fracas 

provisions 

salutary 

osculation 

grievance 

tete-a-tete 

subterraneous 

saponaceous 

parlance 

agriculture 

acidity 

sanitary 

petite 

peregrination 

amplify 

dilatory 

souvenir 

animosity 

infirmity 

succinct 

employ^ 

pusillanimous 

illiberal 

utility 

promenade 

decapitate 

erudite 

ineffectual 

revenue 

carnivorous 

erudition 

pabulum 

avenue 

culpable 

similarity 

28.  Words  and  their  Opposites. 

Name  the  word  in  the  first  column  and  require  pupils  to 
give  its  opposite  in  the  second  column. 


Word. 

Opposite. 

Word. 

Opposite. 

attraction 

repulsion 

clean 

dirty 

ascent 

descent 

conduct 

misconduct 

assent 

dissent 

consequent 

antecedent 

answer 

question 

density 

rarity 

attack 

defence 

difference 

similarity 

absence 

presence 

difficulty 

ease 

abstract 

concrete 

discord 

harmony 

bane 

antidote 

exertion 

repose 

beginning 

end 

earth 

heaven 

borrowing 

lending 

elevate 

depress 

blame 

praise 

enough 

insufficient 

commencement 

close 

equitable 

unjust 

concise 

diffuse 

expansion 

contraction 

cunning 

artless 

equable 

variable 

146 


NORMAL  WORD    BOOK. 


29.    Words  and  their  Opposites. 


Word. 

Opposite. 

Word, 

Opposite. 

fruitful 

barren 

morning 

evening 

fertile 

sterile 

offer 

refusal 

freedom 

bondage 

order 

confusion 

gain 

loss 

prosperity 

adversity 

great 

small 

plenty 

scarcity 

general 

special 

plus 

minus 

good 

evil 

pleasure 

pain 

gladness 

sadness 

perspicuous 

obscure 

hope 

despair 

permission 

prohibition 

happiness 

misery 

scholar 

ignoramus 

health 

sickness 

safety 

danger 

harmony 

discord 

sweetness 

sourness 

innocence 

guilt 

superior 

inferior 

increase 

decrease 

truth 

error 

knowledge 

ignorance 

talkative 

taciturn 

liberty 

slavery 

wisdom 

folly 

30.  Word  Exercise. 

Keqnire  the 

OPPOSITE  of 

each  word. 

approbation 

education 

honor 

loyal 

beauty 

effect 

handsome 

modern 

acute 

empty 

hardness 

memory 

credit 

friend 

humanity 

make 

content 

friendship 

heretic 

mother 

courage 

fail 

hardship 

marriage 

caution 

faith 

hill 

meekness 

courtesy 

fall 

import 

night-time 

convex 

foolish 

inside 

normal 

disgrace 

foreigner 

legality 

organic 

division 

goodness 

life 

philanthropy 

elegance 

government 

lofty 

public 

SYNONYMS. 


147 


piety 
quiet 
right 


respect 
reward 
sober 


suffix 
storm 
sanity 


synthesis 

torrid 

vanguard 


31.     Words  and  their  Opposites. 


Give  the  opposites  of  the  following  : 


antipathy 

entrance 

junior 

promote 

ancestor 

either 

listless 

retard 

affirm 

exogen 

land 

remain 

affirmation 

endogen 

literal 

survive 

attach 

exosmose 

laughter 

straight 

attack 

economy 

lachrymose 

slave 

convict 

fierce 

motion 

sorrow 

corpulent 

generous 

maximum 

secretions 

corporeal 

guilty 

monogamy 

something 

culpable 

grand 

monopetalous 

soprano 

capable 

generally 

orthodox 

sublime 

conceal 

homogeneous 

ordinary 

subsequent 

complex 

initial 

permanent 

seek 

dexterous 

indicate 

practical 

temporal 

deciduous 

indefatigable 

palace 

tallest 

decency 

industrious 

power 

termination 

32.  Teutonic  and 

Greek  Synonyms. 

Teutonic. 

Greek. 

Teutonic. 

Greek. 

belt 

zone 

gap 

chasm 

burning 

caustic 

graveyard 

cemetery 

bleeding 

hemorrhage 

godless 

atheistic 

blood-letting 

phlebotomy 

heaven 

elysium 

clock 

chronometer 

hand-writing 

chirography 

cold 

catarrh 

hatred 

antipathy 

funny 

comic 

likeness 

analogy 

flatterer 

sycophant 

long-standing 

chronic 

food 

diet 

madman 

maniac 

148  NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


Teutonic. 

Greek. 

Teutonic. 

Greek. 

outgoing 

exodus 

skull 

cranium 

spelling 

orthography 

true 

authentic 

shapeless 

amorphous 

well-bred 

polite 

short-lived 

ephemeral 

weather 

climate 

smell 

odor 

warm 

thermal 

stress 

emphasis 

wild 

frenzied 

33.  Romanic  and  Greek  Synonyms. 


Latin.                        Greek. 

Latin.                       Greek. 

abstract              synopsis 

nameless           anonymous 

animadversion  blame 

origin                genesis 

compendium      epitome 

oratory              rhetoric 

circumference    periphery 

omission            ellipsis 

confusion           chaos 

praise                eulogy 

era                     period 

personification  prosopopoe'ia 

fables                  myths 

poultice             cataplasm 

fallacy                 sophistry 

pain                   ache 

fabulous             mythical 

perfume            aroma 

foreign               exotic 

records              archives 

globular              spherical 

remedy             panacea 

letter                  epistle 

religion              theology 

measure              meter 

sign                   symbol 

missionary         apostle 

subject              theme 

34.  Teutonic,  Romanic,  and  Greek. 

"  Whatever  pupils  do  for  themselves  and  ly  themselves  educates  them" 

Require  pupils  to  distinguish  the  differences  in  use.     Let 
them  make  free  use  of  Webster's  Unabridged  Dictionary. 

Model. 

curse  (T.)     Threat  of  evil  declared  upon  oath. 

malediction  (R.)     A  bitter  reproach,  or  prediction  of  evil, 
anathema     (G.)    A  religious  curse  accompanied  by  excom- 
munication. 


SYNONYMS. 


149 


falls 

cascade 

cataract 


(T.) 
(R.) 

(G.) 


town  (T.) 

city  (R) 

metropolis    (Gr. ) 


foe 

foolish 

fullness 

forebodings 

foretell 

ground 

ghost 

happiness 

hatred 

heathen 

hidden 


General  term  for  any  fall  of  water. 

A  small  stream  falling  over  a  precipice. 

A  great  fall  of  rushing  water. 

A  general  term,  loosely  used. 

An  incorporated  town. 

The  chief  city  or  business  center. 

35.  Synonyms. 


Teutonic. 

Romanic. 

Greek. 

builder 

constructor 

architect 

belief 

doctrine 

dogma 

bold 

courageous 

heroic 

cold 

frigid 

phlegmatic 

choked 

strangled 

asphyxiated 

cutting 

incisive 

sarcastic 

cross 

captious 

splenetic 

dislike 

aversion 

antipathy 

drowsiness 

stupor 

lethargy 

drift 

aim 

scope 

face 

countenance 

physiognomy 

feeling 

sentiment 

pathos 

36.  Synonyms. 

opponent 

demented 

repletion 

portents 

predict 

foundation 

specter 

felicity 

enmity 

pagan 

occult 


antagonist 

idiotic 

plethora 

auguries 

prophesy 

basis 

phantom 

ecstasy 

antipathy 

idolatrous 

mysterious 


150 


NORMAL  WORD  BOOK. 


37.  Synonyms 


Teutonic. 

Romanic. 

Greek. 

king- 

sovereign 

monarch 

laughable 

ludicrous 

comic 

listless 

languid 

apathetic 

list 

inventory 

catalogue 

list 

register 

schedule 

learner 

pupil 

scholar 

likeness 

image 

idol 

madness 

fury 

frenzy 

madness 

insanity 

mania 

madman 

lunatic 

maniac 

meddlesome 

officious 

pragmatical 

meeting-house 

temple 

church 

mite 

particle 

atom 

odd 

singular 

eccentric 

38.  Synonyms. 


oddity 

peculiarity 

idiosyncrasy 

rise 
sad 

saw 

origin 
dispirited 
proverb 

genesis 
melancholy 
aphorism 

saying 
sight 
soothsayer 
standard 

maxim 
appearance 
fortune-teller 
test 

axiom 
phenomenon 
astrologer 
criterion 

sameness 
shape 
short 

uniformity 
form 
concise 

monotony 
phase 
laconic 

shelter 
skin 
speech 
sweetness 

refuge 
cuticle 
language 
perfume 

asylum 
epidermis 
dialect 
aroma 

SYNONYMS. 


151 


Teutonic. 

strong 

strong 

strength 

sweating 

swearing 

teacher 

truthful 

tales 

trick 

tittle 

thrift 

throat 

true 

thought 

workman 

word-book 

worth 

wild 

wit 

wandering 

wizard 


39.  Synonyms. 

Romanic, 

muscular 

vivid 

power 

sudorific 

profanity 

instructor 

veracious 

annals 

artifice 

particle 

frugality 


genuine 

notion 

artisan 

dictionary 

reputation 

furious 

humor 

itinerant 

sorcerer 


Greek. 

athletic 

graphic 

energy 

diaphoretic 

blasphemy 

pedagogue 

authentic 

stories 

stratagem 

iota 

economy 

oesophagus 

authentic 

idea 

mechanic 

lexicon 

character 

frantic 

irony 

peripatetic 

necromancer 


40.  Dictionary  Exercise. 

Find  a  synonym  for  each  of  the  following  words,  refer- 
ring, if  necessary,  to  the  dictionary.  Teachers  should  first 
take  the  exercise  orally  in  the  class,  and  then  require  a 
written  list  from  each  pupil. 

ability  celerity  entreat  hauteur 

abstemious  chattels  eulogy  hypocrisy 

adequate  complaisant  expunge  impostor 

affable  compliment  exuberant  incommode 


152 


NORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


answer 

courteous 

fascinate 

insipid 

apprise 

disguise 

gratuitous 

irony 

banquet 

eccentric 

harangue 

jocund 

bondage 

eligible 

harass 

judgment 

ludicrous 

profit 

resume 

taciturn 

maintain. 

redress 

sapient 

transient 

mania 

rehearse 

saunter 

trespass 

noisome 

repeal 

scholar 

uncouth 

occult 

requisite 

sequel 

visage 

principle 

residue 

sorry 

vulgar 

privilege 

respite 

squalid 

wedding 

41.  Synonyms  of  Phrases. 

Write  one  or  more  words  equivalent  in  meaning  to  each 
phrase,  using  a  Romanic  word  if  possible. 


To  put  about. 
To  put  by. 
To  put  down. 
To  put  forth. 
To  put  in. 
To  put  off. 


I.   To  Put. 


To  put  up. 
To  put  upon. 
To  put  out. 
To  put  over. 
To  put  to  death. 
To  put  together. 


II.  To  Get. 


To  get  up. 
To  get  down. 
To  get  on. 
To  get  in. 
To  get  together. 
To  get  back. 


To  get  along. 
To  get  over. 
To  get  off. 
To  get  out. 
To  get  by. 
To  £et  ready. 


SYNONYMS. 

III.  To  Set. 

To  set  about. 

To  set  up. 

To  set  against. 

To  set  down, 

To  set  a-going. 

To  set  forth. 

To  set  apart. 

To  set  free. 

To  set  aside. 

To  set  off. 

To  set  before. 

To  set  upon. 

To  set  by. 

To  set  out. 

IV.  To  Go. 

To  go  on. 

To  go  in. 

To  go  forth. 

To  go  over. 

To  go  off. 

To  go  against. 

To  go  about. 

To  go  for. 

To  go  out. 

To  go  with. 

To  go  up. 

To  go  through. 

To  go  down. 

To  go  around. 

To  go  together. 

To  go  back. 

V.    To  Cut. 

To  cut  off. 

To  cut  off  a  limb. 

To  cut  again,  or 

off.                   To  cut  off  a  head. 

To  cut  short. 

To  cut  in  two  pieces. 

To  cut  from. 

To  cut  into. 

To  cut  apart,  or 

in  pieces.          To  cut  with  a  knife. 

153 


42.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

Generic  Term — To  Join. 


Point  out  the  distinction  between  any  pair  of  these  words 


conjoin 

pinion 

bind 

lash 

chain 

connect 

button 

tie 

truss 

link 

attach 

buckle 

stitch 

braid 

yoke 

affix 

bandage 

tack 

splice 

hasp 

fasten 

tether 

knit 

strap 

clasp 

secure 

picket 

hitch 

gird 

nail 

154 


NORMAL   WOED   BOOK. 


To  Disjoin. 

disconnect 

isolate 

unfix 

uncouple 

disunite 

unloose 

unbuckle 

unrivet 

detach 

unfasten 

unchain 

unsolder 

separate 

untie 

unfetter 

unravel 

segregate 

unbind 

unharness 

disentangle 

43.  Veracity  and  Falsehood. 
I. 

truthfulness      fidelity  falseness  equivocation 

sincerity  openness  mendacity  evasion 

frankness  bluntness  falsification  duplicity 

candor  plainness  romance  dissimulation 

honesty  ingenuousness  prevarication  cant 


IL 

true 

open-hearted 

false 

Pharisaical 

candid 

plain-spoken 

faithless 

double-faced 

frank 

simple-minded 

unfair 

smooth-tongued 

open 

undisguised 

hollow 

insidious 

simple 

unfeigned 

canting 

Machiavelian 

artless 

unflattering 

insincere 

fictitious 

pure 

veracious 

hypocritical 

untrue 

m. 

deception 

quackery 

deceiver 

rogue 

deceit 

empiricism 

liar 

trickster 

imposition 

humbug 

hypocrite 

blackleg 

artifice 

stratagem 

pretender 

quack 

trickery 

forgery 

impostor 

charlatan 

imposture 

delusion 

swindler 

mountebank 

collusion 

maneuver 

sharper 

empiric 

SYNONYMS. 


155 


44.  Good  Taste  and  Bad  Taste. 


delicacy 

vulgarity 

fashion 

rustic 

refinement 

coarseness 

style 

boorish 

elegance 

grossness 

manners 

clownish 

amateur 

clownishness 

breeding 

outlandish 

connoisseur 

homebred 

politeness 

antiquated 

classical 

uncouth 

etiquette 

gaudy 

aesthetic 

slovenly 

custom 

tawdry 

45.  Courage 

and  Cowardice. 

courage 

cowardice 

valiant 

cowardly 

bravery 

timidity 

valorous 

timorous 

valor 

effeminacy 

spirited 

faint-hearted 

boldness 

poltroonery 

mettlesome 

chicken-hearted 

gallantry 

baseness 

daring 

dastardly 

intrepidity 

pusillanimity 

audacious 

craven 

46.  Beauty 

and  Ugliness. 

handsome 

symmetrical 

homely 

homespun 

pretty 

becoming 

plain 

haggard 

lovely 

attractive 

ug!y 

misshapen 

graceful 

blooming 

inelegant 

deformed 

elegant 

brilliant 

unsightly 

ill-made 

delicate 

splendid 

ill-looking 

grotesque 

comely 

grand 

unseemly 

distorted 

shapely 

gorgeous 

ill-favored 

ghastly 

well-favored 

superb 

uncouth 

cadaverous 

well-made 

magnificent 

clumsy 

hideous 

well-formed 

sublime 

rough 

monstrous 

47.  Wisdom  and  Folly. 

wisdom 

sharp-sighted 

folly 

dull 

sense 

wise 

absurdity 

childish 

156 


FORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


reason             rational            foolishness 

idiotic 

judgment       sensible            conceit 
intelligent      enlightened      shallow 
sagacious        long-headed     weak-minded 
acute               prudent            half-witted 
astute              discreet             shallow-brained 
shrewd            thoughtful       stupid 
quick-witted  reflecting          stolid 

imbecile 
witless 
thick-skulled 
foolish 
silly 
senseless 
ridiculous 

48.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

Generic  Terra—  Motion. 

I. 

movement         nomadic            quiescence 
transit               vagrant             suspension 
evolution          mercurial          stoppage 
mobility            discursive          stand-still 

stationary 
sedentary 
moored 
steadfast 

n. 

journey             peregrination   navigation 
traveling           pilgrimage        voyage 
excursion          promenade        swimming 
expedition        migration         boating 
circuit                                        rafting 

to  walk 
saunter 
wander 
stroll 
sail 

III. 

itinerant           nomad              fugitive 
passenger          straggler           pedestrian 
tourist               tramp                mariner 
vagabond          courier              navigator 

sailor 
tar 
aeronaut 
balloonist 

49.  Degrees  of  Motion. 

fast           fleet            slow          dilatory 
speedy       nimble       slack         sluggish 
swift         brisk           tardy         snail-like 
rapid         hasty          lazy           hobbling 
quick         hurried       easy           lumbering 

post-haste 
headlong 
apace 
leisurely 
expeditiously 

SYNONYMS. 


157 


50.  Direction  of  Motion. 

I. 

progression 
advance 
headway 

retrogression      propulsion 
refluence             projection 
countermarch     traction 

approach 
recession 
retreat 

H. 

attraction 

confluence          aberration 

arrival 

repulsion 
convergence 
divergence 

concourse            separation 
congress              dispersion 
concurrence        diffusion 

departure 
advent 
outset 

51.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

Generic  Term — Change. 
I. 


mutation 

inversion 

conversion 

alternation 

variation 

subversion 

reduction 

substitution 

modification 

revolution 

metonymy 

convertible 

modulation 

transfiguration  relapse 

exchange 

deviation 

transmigration  revulsion 

interchange 

II. 

inconstant 

mobile 

undeviating 

irreversible 

unsteady 

wavering 

steadfast 

irreducible 

unfixed 

wayward 

immovable 

indestructible 

fluctuating 

immutable 

established 

undying 

versatile 

unalterable 

inconvertible 

imperishable 

restless 

permanent 

stagnant 

unchangeable 

unsettled 

invariable 

settled 

unaltered 

158 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


52.  Latin  Phrases  in  Current  Use. 


ad  captan'dum, 
al'ma  ma'ter 

argumen'tum  ) 
ad  hom'inem,  ) 
a  prio'ri 

a  posterio'ri 

a  fortio'ri, 
ca'sus  belli, 
caet'eris  par'ibus, 
cui  bono? 
cum  gra'no  sails 
dram'atis  perso'nae, 
ex  tem'po-re 

ex  cathedra 

e  plu'ribus  unum, 

et  id  genus  omne, 

fidus  Acha'tes, 

fac'totum 

hab'itat, 

infra  dig. 
in  statu  quo, 
in  loco  paren'tis, 


for  the  purpose  of  capturing. 

[benign  mother],  the  college  from 
which  one  graduates. 

an  argument  to  the  man;  i.e.,' a  per- 
sonal application  of  the  argument. 

[from  the  former],  from  cause  to  effect ; 
theoretically. 

[from  the  latter],  from  effect  to  cause  ; 
practically. 

with  stronger  reason. 

justifiable  cause  for  war. 

other  things  being  equal. 

for  whose  good  ?  what  is  the  use  ? 

with  some  allowance. 

the  characters  of  a  play. 

[at  the  time]  ;  i.  e.,  without  previous 
writing  or  premeditation. 

[from  the  chair]  ;  i.  e.,  in  an  authorita- 
tive manner. 

one  out  of  many ;  the  national  motto 
of  the  United  States. 

and  all  of  that  sort  or  class — used  as  a 
term  of  disparagement. 

a  true  friend  ;  a  constant  attendant. 

[do  all]  ;  hence,  a  man  of  all  work. 

the  natural  locality  of  a  plant  or  ani- 
mal. 

[dignitatem]  ;  below  one's  rank  or  dig- 
nity. 

in  the  state  in  which  it  was ;  just  as 
before. 

in  the  place  of  a  parent. 


SYNONYMS. 


159 


personally,  and  not  by  deputy. 

a  slip  of  the  tongue  ;  an  inadvertent 
expression. 

[freak  of  nature]  ;  a  deformed  plant, 
animal  or  thing. 

much  in  little  ;  condensed. 

nothing  more  beyond ;  hence,  per- 
fection. 
0  tem'pora  !  0  mores  !  0  the  times  !   0  the  manners  ! 


in  pro'pria  perso'na, 
lapsus  linguae, 

lusus  natu'rse 

multum  in  parvo, 
ne  plus  ultra, 


the  first  impulse  ;  the  moving  power, 
for  the  public  good  ;  hence,  unsel- 
fishly. 

asses'  bridge.* 
[what  now  ?]  ;  hence  applied  to  a 

busybody. 

reductio  ad  absurdum,    a  reducing  to  an  absurdity. 
rara  avis,  a  rare  bird  ;  hence,  an  eccentric  per- 

son ;  a  prodigy, 
may  he  rest  in  peace  ! 
[holy  of  holies]  ;  hence,  a  private 

apartment. 

[not  without  which]  ;  an  indispen- 
sable condition, 
scan'dalum  magna'tum  [scan,  mag.]  ;  defamation  of  persons 

of  dignity. 

words  a  foot  and  a  half  long, 
according  to  professional  art  or  rule, 
[of  its  own  kind]  ;  peculiar;  unique; 

odd. 

smooth  in  manner, 
[under  the  rose]  ;  hence,  confiden- 
tially, 
summum  bonum,  the  chief  good. 

*  A  name  given  to  the  fifth  proposition  of  first  book  of  Euclid,  because  tyros 
usually  find  much  difficulty  in  getting  over  it. 


primum  mo'bile, 
pro  bono  pub'lico, 

pons  as'inorum, 
quid  nunc 


requies'cat  in  pa'ce, 
sanctum  sancto'rum 

sine  qua  non 


sesquipeda'lia  verba, 
secun'dem  artem, 
sui  generis 

suaviter  in  modo, 
sub  rosa 


160  NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 

verbum  sat  sapient!      [verb,  sat  sap.]  ;  a  word  to  the  wise 

is  enough. 

vis  inertise,  power  of  passive  resistance. 

vade  mecum  [go  with  me]  ;    hence,  a  constant 

companion. 

53.  Latin  Words  and  Phrases  Relating  to  Law. 

The  teacher  must  give  the  pupils  the  correct  pronunciation, 
a'lias  [otherwise]. 

A  term  used  when  a  party  has  passed  under  assumed 
names  ;  as,  Smith  alias  Brown. 

As  a  noun,  it  means  an  assumed  name ;  also,  a  second 
writ. 

alibi  [elsewhere]. 

A  person  on  trial  "  proves  an  alibi"  when  he  proves  that 
he  was  in  some  place  other  than  that  place  where  it  is 
charged  in  the  indictment  he  committed  the  act. 

habeas  corpus  [you  may  have  the  body]. 

A  writ  to  bring  a  person  charged  with  crime  to  imme- 
diate trial  in  order  to  protect  the  right  of  personal  liberty. 

Magna  Charta  [kar'ta]. 

The  Great  Charter  (of  England),  the  basis  of  English 
liberty,  extorted  by  the  barons  from  King  John  A.  D.  1215. 

non  est  inventus  [he  has  not  been  found]. 

Written  on  the  back  of  a  writ  by  the  sheriff,  when  he  is 
unable  to  find  the  person  on  whom  the  writ  is  to  be  served. 

nolle  pros'equi  [do  not  proceed]. 

A  dismissal  of  a  case  from  court  at  the  request  of  the 
plaintiff  or  the  prosecuting  attorney. 


SYNONYMS. 


161 


quid  pro  quo  [something  for  something]. 
A  mutual  equivalent ;  an  equivalent. 

sub  posna  [under  a  penalty]. 
A  peremptory   legal  summons  to  appear  in  court  as  a 


witness. 

de  fac'to, 
de  ju're, 
dies  non, 

et  alii, 
ex  par'te, 
ex  post  fac'to, 
in  re, 
ip'so  ju're, 
ip'so  fac'to, 
lex  talio'nis, 
lex  non  scripta 

non  compos  mentis, 
onus  proban'di, 
par'ticeps  crim'inis, 
prima  fa'cie, 
qua'si, 

veni're  facias, 
vi  et  armis, 


from  the  fact ;  by  one's  own  power. 

by  legal  right,  though  not  in  fact. 

a  day  on  which  the  judges  do  not  sit ; 
a  legal  holiday. 

and  the  others  ;  abbreviated  into  et  al. 

on  one  side  only  ;  as,  ex  parte  evidence. 

after  the  deed  is  done. 

in  the  matter  of  ;  as, "  in  re  Doe  vs.  Roe" 

by  the  law  itself. 

by  the  act  itself. 

the  law  of  retaliation. 

[law  not  written]  ;  hence,  "the  com- 
mon law." 

not  of  sound  mind  ;  an  imbecile. 

the  burden  of  proof. 

an  accomplice  in  crime. 

at  first  view. 

in  a  manner  ;  partial. 

the  writ  for  summoning  a  jury. 

by  main  force. 


APP  EN  DIX. 


REFERENCE    LIST    OF    PREFIXES    AND    SUFFIXES. 


I.  Prefixes. 

T.  =  Teutonic.     L.  =  Latin.     G.  =  Greek. 


Prefix. 

a- 

(T.) 

Force. 

on;  in;  at. 

Prefix. 

dia- 

(G.) 

Force. 

through. 

ab-,     ) 

dis-,  di-  (G.) 

two  ;  twice. 

a-,      f 

(L.) 

off  ;  from. 

(  in  two. 
\ 

abs- 

dis- 

(L.) 

<  asunder. 

a-,  an- 

(G.) 

not;  without. 

(  negative. 

ad- 

(L.) 

at;  to. 

dys- 

(G.) 

bad;  ill. 

ambi- 

(L.) 

both;  around,     en- 

(G.) 

in;  on. 

amphi- 

(G.) 

both  ;  around. 

(  to  make. 

an- 

(G.) 

not;  without. 

eii- 

(T.) 

(  intensive. 

ana- 

(G.) 

away  from. 

epi- 

(G.) 

on. 

ante- 

(L.) 

before. 

eu- 

(G.) 

well. 

anti- 

(G.) 

against. 

eso- 

(G.) 

in;  into. 

apo- 

(G.) 

from;  asunder. 

ex- 

(L.) 

out  of;  from. 

be- 

m 

(by;  before. 

extra- 

(L.) 

beyond. 

(  •) 

(  intensive. 

for- 

(T.) 

from  ;  against. 

bis-,  bi- 

(L.) 

two;  twice. 

fore- 

(T.) 

before. 

cata- 

(G.) 

down. 

hyper- 

(G.) 

over;  above. 

circum- 

(L.) 

around. 

hypo- 

(G.) 

under;  below. 

con- 

(L.) 

together. 

| 

not  (in  adj.) 

contra- 

(L.) 

against. 

in- 

(L.)- 

in;    into  (in 

counter-(L.) 

against. 

1 

verbs). 

de- 

(L.) 

down  ;  from. 

in,-  en- 

(L.) 

to  make. 

PREFIXES   AND   SUFFIXES. 


163 


Prefix. 

Force.                      Prefix. 

Force. 

inter- 

(L.) 

between.               DO!-.  ^ 

/ 

intro- 

\        / 

(L.) 

within;  into. 

7  / 
per-,  I 

(Fr.) 

\  other  forms  of 

A              f 

juxta- 

(L.) 

near. 

pur-  ) 

>     L.  pro. 

f  with  ;  after. 

preter- 

(L.) 

beyond. 

meta- 

(G.) 

•<  change. 

re- 

(L.) 

back;  again. 

(  in  the  middle. 

retro- 

(L.) 

backward. 

mis- 

(T.) 

amiss;  wrong. 

se- 

(L.) 

aside  ;  by  itselj 

non- 

(L.) 

not. 

semi- 

(L.) 

half. 

n- 

(T.) 

no;  not. 

sine- 

(L.) 

without. 

ob- 

(L) 

{in  the  way  of. 

sub- 

(L.) 

under. 

(    ) 

against. 

subter- 

(L.) 

under. 

off- 

(T.) 

away  from. 

super- 

(L.) 

over. 

out- 

(T.) 

from;  beyond. 

supra- 

(L.) 

over  ;  above. 

over- 

(T.) 

above;  beyond. 

sur- 

(F.) 

over  ;  above. 

para- 

(G.) 

beside. 

syn- 

(G.) 

together  ;  with. 

per- 

(L.) 

through. 

to- 

(T.) 

this;  as,  to-day. 

pen- 

(L-) 

almost. 

trans 

(L.) 

across  ;  beyond. 

peri- 

(G.) 

round. 

ultra- 

(L.) 

beyond. 

TJftcf 

_  , 

(  after. 

r  not  (in  adj.) 

UU&L 

(  •; 

(  backwards. 

un- 

(T.)  - 

reversion   (in 

pre- 

(L.) 

before. 

,     verbs). 

(  before. 

under- 

(T.) 

beneath;  below. 

pro- 

(L.) 

<  forth. 

up- 

(T.) 

above. 

(  fonuard. 

vice- 

(L.) 

instead  of. 

pro- 

(G.) 

before.                 with- 

(T.) 

against;  back. 

2.  Suffixes. 

. 

Suffix. 

Force.                        Suflftx. 

Force. 

-able  j 

(T. 

f  fit  to  be. 

-ac 

(G.) 

pertaining  to. 

-ible  V 

& 

<  able. 

i  having   the 

i 

} 

-aceous 

(    T*J      1       " 

* 

-ble    ) 

L.) 

(  capable. 

!    quality  of. 

164 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


Suffix. 

-acious 

Force. 

(L.)     full  of. 

Suffix. 

-flom 

Force. 

,-,,.  j  state;  power. 

-acy 

v  j  act  of  doing. 
^    M  thing  done. 

"UVJU 

-ed 

^    "M  dominion. 
(T.)     verb-suffix,  p.t. 

-ade 

,-r  \  j  one  who. 
*   *M  that  which. 

-ee 

(F.)    owe  ft)  whom. 

-al 

/T  \  (pertaining  to. 
*   ''  1  that  wldch. 

-eer 

(F.)  -! 

(  frequentative. 

,_,  .  j  ^Aa^  which. 

-an 

/T  N  j  pertaining  to. 
*       \  one  who. 

-el 
-el 

(    '(little. 

-age 

f  act  of. 
(F.)  )  that  which. 

-en 

(made  of. 
*   '}  (  quality  of. 

(  collective. 

-en 

(T.)     verb-suffix,  p.p. 

-ance  ) 

(L.)     state  of. 

-en 

(T  \  -I  fem-and  plural 

-ancy  ) 

'       SUjJlX. 

-ant 

,T  v  j  belonging  to. 

-ence 

(L.)     action;  state. 

(  one  who. 

*-r       v       J     SvCtvUm 

-ar 

(L.)    pertaining  to. 

-ency 

^        (  condition. 

-ar 
-ard 

(T.)     one  who. 
(T.)     one  who. 

-ent 

/T  \  j  belonging  to. 
^    -  {  owe  2^0. 

-art 

(T.)     owe  who. 

*  T  \  J  ^ew^  y  owe  w/^o. 

<  belonging  to. 

-er  (T. 

vSJ  J_J»  I      ) 

-ary 

(L.)  •<  owe  wAo. 

-er 

(T.)    ?wore  (in  comp.) 

(  /?/#ce  where. 

-erel 

(T.)     ZiV^e. 

-asm 

(state  of. 
v    '  (  that  which. 

-ern 
-ery 

(T.)     direction. 
(L.)    ^??ace  ivhere. 

-ate 

.    .  j  to  make.              -erie 
^   •'  (  owe  who.             -erly 

(F.)    ^t?^ce  where. 
(T.)     direction. 

-cy  * 
-cal 

(L.)  -I  SZfa^  ^  *e^' 
(  collective. 

(L.)    pertaining  to. 

-ene 
-es 

(L.)     beionging  to. 
/Tx  (plural  suffix 
(     of  noun*. 

-cle 

(L.)     foYrffe. 

(rr\\\3d  per.  sing. 

-cule 

(L.)     ^fe. 

-es,  -s 

(    o/  verbs. 

SUFFIXES. 


165 


Suffix. 

-escent  (L.) 

Force. 

j  becoming. 
(  growing. 

Suffix. 

-ize 
-ise 

(G.) 
(G.) 

Force. 

to  make, 
to  make. 

-ese 

(L.) 

belonging  to. 

-ish 

(T.) 

quality  ;  little. 

-esque 

(F.) 

belonging  to. 

-ish 

(L.) 

to  make. 

-est 

most  (in  comp.) 

-isk 

(G.) 

little. 

-ess 

(F.) 

j  fern,  suffix  of 
\     some  nouns. 

-ism 

(G.) 

i 

act;  state, 
doctrine. 

-et 

(L.) 

little. 

-ist 

(G.) 

one  who. 

-ette 
-etc 

(L.) 
(G.) 

little, 
one  who. 

-ite(L.&G.) 

i 

belonging  to. 
one  who. 

-eth 

(T.) 

{verb  suffix  of 
inflection. 

-ity 
-ive 

(L.) 
CD 

i 

state  of  being, 
belonging  to. 

-ful 

(T.) 

full  of. 

\**/ 

1 

one  ivho. 

-fy 

(L.) 

to  make. 

-ix 

(L.) 

fern.  term. 

-hood 

(T.) 

(  state  ;  place. 
(  collective. 

-kin 
-le,  -el 

(L.) 
(T.) 

little  ;  dimin. 
that  which. 

-ic  (L. 

&G.) 

belonging  to. 

-le 

(T.) 

little. 

-ics(L. 

&G.) 

science;  art. 

-lent 

(L.) 

full  of. 

-ical 
-id 

(L.) 
(L.) 

belonging  to. 
belonging  to. 

-less 

(T.) 

i 

without, 
free  from. 

-ible 

(L.) 

capable  of  being 

-let 

(L.) 

little;  dim. 

-ice 

(L.) 

condition. 

-ly 

(T.) 

like. 

-ide 
-ie 

(G.) 
(T.) 

used  for  metals, 
little;  dim. 

-ment 

(L.) 

i 

act  of;  state  of. 
that  which. 

-ier 

(F.) 

one  who. 

( 

state  of  being. 

-eer 

(F.) 

one  who. 

-mony 

(L.) 

act  of. 

-ile 

CL.) 

belonging  to. 

' 

that  which. 

-ine 

(L.) 

belonging  to. 

-most 

(T.) 

highest  degree. 

-ine 

(L-) 

fern.  term. 

-ness 

(T.) 

state  of  being. 

-ing 

(T.) 

part.  term. 

-ock 

(T.) 

little;  dim. 

/  T     \ 

(  state  of. 

-oon 

(It.) 

large. 

-ion 

(L.) 

j 
(  act  of. 

/T      \ 

j 

one  who. 

-ique 

(F.) 

belonging  to. 

-or 

(L.) 

i 

state  of  being. 

166 

NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 

Suffix. 

Force.                     Suffix. 

Force. 

-ory 

(i,) 

j  pertaining  to. 
(  place  where. 

-stress 
-teen 

(T.) 
(T.) 

fern.  suf. 
ten. 

-ose 
-ous 

(L.) 
(L.) 

full  of. 

full  of. 

-th 

(T.) 

(  state;  act. 
(  order. 

-ote 

(T.) 

little;  dim. 

-tude 

(L.) 

state  of  being. 

-red 

(T.) 

i 

state, 
those  who. 

-ty 

-ule 

(L.) 
(L.) 

state  of  being, 
little;  dim. 

-ric 

(T.) 

) 

dominion, 
power;  region. 

-ure 

(L.) 

(  act  of. 
(  state  of  being. 

-ry 

(T.) 

place  where. 

-urnal 

(L.) 

belonging  to. 

-ship 

(T.) 

i 

state  of. 
quality;  office. 

-ward 
-wards 

(T.) 
(T.) 

direction, 
direction. 

-some 

(T.) 

) 

qualify, 
full  of. 

-wise 

-y 

(T.) 
(T.) 

manner, 
full  of;  having. 

=ster 

(T.) 

agent;  one  who. 

-y  (L.  &  0.) 

state  of  ;  act  of. 

SwiNTON's  GEOGRAPHIES. 


"The  famous  Two-Book  Series," 

By  PROF.  WILLIAM   SWINTON, 

CONSISTING   OF 

I.  INTRODUCTORY  GEOGRAPHY,  in  Read- 
ings  and  Recitations;  and 

II.  GRAMMAR-SCHOOL  GEOGRAPHY,?hys. 

ical,  Political,  and  Commercial. 


The  Geographies  are  fresh  and  progressive  in  character, 
and  meet  with  great  favor  everywhere. 

The  Grammar- School  Geography  is  published 
in  six  different  editions,  treating  the  local  geography  of 
different  sections.  /  / 

1.  New-England  Edition,  containing  supplement  of  thirty-three 
pages,  with  special  text  and  maps,  lor  the  New- England  btatcs. 

2.  Middle-States   Edition,  with  special  supplement  of  thirty-one 
pages,  for  the  Middle  States  and  the  District  of  Columbia. 

3.  Southern -States    Edition,  with    supplement  of    thirty-seven 
pages,  for  the  Southern  States. 

4.  East-Central  States  Edition,  with  supplement  of  thirty-three 
pages,  for  the  East-Central  States. 

5.  "West-Central  States  Edition,  with  supplement  of  thirty-eight 
pages,  for  the  West-Central  States  and  the  Territory  of  Dakota. 

6.  Pacific-States  Edition,  with  supplement  for  the  Pacific  High- 
land and  Coast  States  and  Territories. 

Both  the  Introductory  and  Grammar -School 

Geographies  are    new    works,  thoroughly    modern    in 
treatment,  and  handsomely  illustrated. 

The  maps  and  statistics  are  fresh  and  reliable,  and  every 
effort  is  made  to  keep  them  up  to  date  in  all  particulars. 

* #*  Liberal    Terms  for    Supplies  for  Examination   or 
In  troduction . 

IVISON,  BLAKEMAN,  TAYLOR,  &  CO. 
New  York,  and  Chicago. 


SwiNTON's  READERS, 


An  Entirely  New  Series  of  School  Reading  Books, 

BY 

PROF.  WM.  SWINTON. 


nPHESE   books    are    preeminently    Language   Readers.       They 
J.      present  a  most  complete  development  of  the  study  of  words  and 
sentences  as  an  essential  condition  of  good  understanding  and  correct 
reading. 

The  illustrations  are  by  the  most  eminent  American  artists :  Church, 
Dielman,  Fredericks,  Pyle,  Harper,  White,  and  others,  and  were  drawn 
expressly  for  these  books. 

I.  Swinton's  Primer  and  First  Reader.— In  print  and 
script  exercises.  The  script  exercises  are  a  specially  attractive 
feature,  being  white  on  black,  as  in  blackboard  and  slate  work,  the 
script  being  the  result  of  careful  experiment  in  securing  a  practical 
style  of  letter  for  this  sort  of  work.  Another  noticeable  feature  of 
this  book  is  the  type,  which  was  made  for  us,  and  which  is  unlike 
any  other  font  of  type  heretofore  cut,  in  the  matter  of  size  and  face. 
Handsomely  illustrated,  and  bound  in  cloth.  One  volume;  120 
pages. 

II.  Swinton's  Second  Reader.— In  print  and  script  exercises. 
This  h  also  a  beautiful  book,  and  commends  itself  especially  for  its 
grading,  for  the  purity  and  sweetness  of  its  literary  form,  and  for 
the  development  of  "  language  work."  Illustrated,  and  bound  in 
cloth.  1 76  pages. 

III.  Swinton's  Third  Reader.— Presenting  many  new  and  original 
features.  Noticeable  for  the  charming  series  of  original  lessons 
entitled  "Home  Pets,"  "Bright  Examples,"  and  " About  Plants." 
Illustrated,  and  bound  in  cloth.  240  pages. 

IV.  Swinton's  Fourth  Reader. —  A  book  of  choice  selections  for 
this  important  grade,  carefully  edited  and  arranged.  It  contains  also 
many  useful  and  entertaining  original  lessons,  especially  on  "  Useful 
Knowledge"  and  "  Pictures  of  American  History."  Illustrated,  and 
bound  in  cloth.  384  pages. 

V.  Swinton's  Fifth  Reader  and  Speaker.— This  book  con- 
tains abundant  exercises  in  language  reading,  recitation, _  and 
declamation.  An  instructive  and  entertaining  original  feature  is  the 
series  of  lessons  under  the  title  of  "  Glimpses  of  Science,"  presented 
in  the  highest  form  of  literary  art.  Illustrated,  and  bound  in  cloth. 
480  pages. 

***  Sample  pages  and  full  descriptive  circulars,  by  tnail,  to  teachers 
and  educationists. 

%*  A  s?t  of  the  Readers,  from  the  First  to  the  Fifth,  inclusive,  sent  to 
any  teacher  or  educationist  on  receipt  of  $1.  7J". 

IVISON,   BLAKEMAN,  TAYLOR,  &  CO. 
New  York  and   Chicago. 


00 


YB   12467 


